sundown towns in north carolina map

According to Loewen's rolling database, at least 60 of Kentucky's 782 towns are believed to be or previously have been considered sundown towns. For the visual design of the map, I was inspired to use a style that conveyed the somberness of the data subject as well as the academic research of the larger project. Hoosiers, a basketball movie starring Gene Hackman, similarly obfuscates the racial reality of 1950s Indiana. They gathered because that was the hangin tree and were there to bear witness to its fall. The only town I have confirmed for sure in Mississippi, Mize, population 309 in 1990, was considered so unusual that its whiteness prompted newspaper stories. This professional career has taken her to Fayetteville, North Carolina, Huntsville, Alabama, and finally to her home state, Columbus, Ohio Hollywood also set two other films in the Deep South that include sundown town signs, Sudie and Simpson, a 1984 film about Georgia starring Louis Gosset Jr., and Danny Glover's 2000 film Freedom Song, set in Mississippi. More recent books include LIES ACROSS AMERICA: WHAT OUR HISTORIC SITES GET WRONG, and SUNDOWN TOWNS. My first time encountering Donald Barnet he came over to my yard to tell me I didnt need to put up a mail box while I was putting up MY mailbox in 2015. I have always known who you were I only acted oblivious. Within a week of Cy Jones death, the county sheriffs office had taken that position on Blackwells disappearance. ALSO THIS PIECE WAS AMAZING! I had read about sundown Towns in history books, but I had never really thought about us having them here on the North Carolina coast. Sundown towns re-entered the spotlight again in 2020 thanks to the HBO series Lovecraft Country. And thats the way it was for a half century. Town of Duck NC, its Autumn the 1-mile board walk trail is awash with fall colors reflecting in the blue . This page shows the sunrise and sunset times in Elizabeth City, NC, USA, including beautiful sunrise or sunset photos, local current time, timezone, longitude, latitude and live map. According to the playwright, who died in 2001, the title came from a sign he saw in Mississippi. He is obsessed with criminalizing and overseeing me and the courts and police of North Carolina sanctions this. They are not suspected sundown towns but are listed for other reasons. Next upThe Color of Water, Part 3: Sundown Towns, Get Outlook for iOS ________________________________, thanks, David. Sunny More Details. 12:43 PM. He was the sexton at St. Thomas. Sundown Currituck Sound Outer Banks NC. The book Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism by James W. Loewen states thatmany of the sundown towns across America had signs at their city limits reading Nigger, Dont Let The Sun Go Down On You In ___. In reality, sundown towns were primarily a Northern phenomenon, where they were astonishingly prevalent. I knew that crackers would even challenge me owning chickens cause this is the nature of settlers. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. If you know of an organization working for racial or social justice, and you have map or web skills - offer to help out! RealFeel Shade 64. Per anti-black Donald Barnet while I played Malcolm X in my home and he could not actually hear the sound from all rooms in his house. Three days after Cy Jones assault, the Sun-Journalreported: News of a general negro uprising in Onslow County was prevalent Monday and today. At the time, a newspaper described Hardison as an orphan [who] for the past eight or ten years has shifted for himself. There are people still living in swansboro. During much of that time, a local farmer had given Hardison a home because he was an orphan. How are you a victim? Sundown towns, also known as sunset towns, gray towns, or sundowner towns, are all-white municipalities or neighborhoods in the United States that practice a form of racial segregation by excluding non-whites via some combination of discriminatory local laws, intimidation, and violence. I am in no way stating that Donald Barnet is the racist that vandalized our mailbox there are many racists in Garner, NC that could have committed the vandalism. According to Wikipedia,an anonymous author wrote Waverlys not having a single colored resident is a rare mark of distinction for a town of its size and that Waverly had never had a Negro or mulatto resident. In most states, that would merely make manifest my pitifully inadequate research. Traditional white Southerners viewed the sundown rule as idiotic. In a separate trial, another all-white jury found the other three young persons guilty of first-degree murder. In Garner, NC it is illegal to burn trash. Indeed, it remained sundown in 1997 when the movie was shot. However, the research team preferred the visual impact of having all the points visible, like a dot density map. Oak Island took the distinction of being the most White, while Selma was the least White city. I don't doubt jasper is more racist than most towns in the US given its history but it's not a sundown town. However the crime stats from the FBI says that if you are black shows that in 2019, on average, black individuals were arrested more than 3x as often as white individuals in Garner, NC. Nia can now be heard every Saturday 12-5pm. If you have additional information, pro or con, please email it to us. When I was first learning about sundown towns, I came across the work of Dr. James Loewen, a pre-eminent sociologist and social justice activist. Copy courtesy of the North Carolina Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. . If a black family moves to town and the second night they are there, a fire occurs in their carport, and somehow the fire department does not come for an hour they move. By all accounts, the white mob visited the Dove familys home on Sunday evening, the night after Cy Jones was attacked, and carried Baynor Blackwell away. That began to change in 1998. On October 15, 2020 Donald Barnet trimmed his hedges so that he could surveil our yard even more (I have those videos as well). In 1921, for instance, an immense mob of whites lynched a black man in Jones County. In the play, the male lead refers to the sign as set at the edge of a town in Alabama. Although I managed to see both productions, I'll not review them here. Oops! He is bright and above the average intelligence.. They killed the man, a black farmer named Jerome Whitfield, roughly 40 miles from Swansboro. We replaced it with a similar mailbox immediately. Has been categorized as a probable sundown town, but for all his criteria lists dont know. In his confession, Hardison absolved his friends of any involvement in the killing. The next year, Marco Williams produced Banished, which focuses upon Forsyth (again), Harrison (again), and Pierce City, Missouri, which the film emphasizes lies in southern Missouri. If you're wondering, Selma is the least white city of all those we measured. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Sundown towns are all-white parts of the United States considered to be unsafe for Black people after dark. Two productions to my knowledge have discussed exclusion in suburbs. The history of sundown townscommunities that for decades were "all white" on purposefigures prominently in plays that opened this past month in two Southern states, Virginia and Arkansas. I was born and raised in Decatur, Illinois. I live in a neo-sundown town called Garner, NC. The question of why cant we get along to me, speaks of your white privilege because you are not suffering the long term consequences of systemic racism. Nia serves as the Program Director for Fashion Week Columbus, she also enjoys volunteering at many organizations around town including Dress for Success. According to newspaper accounts and court testimony, the teenager only confessed when one of the posses members picked up a board and moved to bludgeon him with it. Many blacks in America have experienced some sort of racism in modern times but did you know there were towns in America where blacks werent allowed to live called sundown towns? He believes the key to finding the right place to live comes down to looking at the data, reading about things to do, and, most importantly, checking it out yourself before you move. My family and I found a home that we could afford close to the kids high school and moved in back in 2015. Fear gripped the white townspeople. Del City Condos for Rent; Warr Acres Condos for Rent; Bethany Condos for Rent; . Id love to speak with you further on this, youre welcome to contact me at lauriejmeilleur@hotmail.com. While it is hard to find out exactly why Shelby Ohio has an extremely low population of black that qualifies them as a sundown town. Also note: some towns are *d. In my next posts in this Color of Water series, Ill let you know what I discovered about sundown towns and the rest of the North Carolina coast. Of course, both writers have a perfect right to write about whatever part of the country they wish, in whatever era. Calhoun is hardly alone in maintaining this peculiar institution. The freedmens school, established in 1868, had once stood nearby. I contested the warning and won. Nia Noelles media career has spanned two decades, beginning as a Media TV Spokesperson at Norman High School, to her formal training at The William Fulbright School of Arts in Broadcasting Journalism at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, doing TV and radio, to her professional career. At least one of the young men arrested for Cy Jones murder, George Williams, was a member of the lodge. window.addEventListener( 'loadOrInteraction', function() { "They just don't have any black people in them." Phone: 828-459-1980 Fax: 866-899-4817. According to legend, the sign said in big, painted letters: "N***er, don't let the sun set on your black ass!" Not that the sign was really necessary; Vidor's reputation was deterrent enough. Because I lived in Mississippi for eight years, however, I tried to find every sundown town I could in the Magnolia State. I imagined I would find perhaps ten sundown towns in Illinois and fifty across the nation. My intentions when I purchased my home was not to integrate Garner, NC or placate crackers, but to live in a place that I could afford with my family near to their school and live abundantly. Sundown Towns by James W. Loewen (Please turn to page 2) Between 1890 and 1968, thousands of towns across the United States drove out their black populations or took steps to forbid African Americans from liv-ing in them. More recently, two remarkable local historians, Amelia Dees-Killette and Anthony James, have been determined to document this part of Swansboros past more fully. No discussion ensued about what might be called "second generation sundown town problems," issues that can still plague a town even after it chooses to admit a handful of black families. The name comes. Waverly, Ohio. That honor may go to Tennessee Williams's Orpheus Descending, in which the sheriff in a small Deep South town tells the main character about a nearby county that displays a sign, "Nigger, Don't Let The Sun Go Down On You In This County." You have to understand that most of these monuments were put up during the Jim Crow south in an effort to instill fear in our black citizens and scare them from voting, education, etc. Thank you for subscribing! Sundown towns were municipalities that prevented African-Americans or other minorities from lingering after dark. But by putting up or maintaining monuments, street, highway and park names that celebrate individuals or causes that are extremely divisive, fall on the wrong side of history, and only serves to ensure continued disunity, intimidation and racial tribalism, does not serve history it serves continued discrimination and a revisionist history. Mostly Cloudy 25,000 ft. Despite those important efforts to recognize this tragic part of Swansboros history, I have to confess that I still found the story disquieting. Youll eventually be able to find the whole series here at The Color of Water.. Most of Greenhills has been named a National Historic Landmark. This list may not reflect recent changes . The term meant that if you were not white you had to be out of the town by nightfall or suffer the consequences. They are so named because some marked their city limits with placards warning specific groups of people to stay away after the sun went down. The problem in sundown towns remains that this minority feels empowered to attack black "interlopers," indeed, feels it is SUPPOSED to do so. Tambin puedes visitar g.co/privacytools en cualquier momento. You describe several communities as "still sundown" as late as the 1980s: are you saying that the legal restrictions on black residency persisted, or just that there were still no Black residents? Redwood's play is set in Halifax, North Carolina, in 1949. ive heard some of this story, over the years. One local man loaded his wife and family on his fishing boat and took refuge on one of the islands in the White Oak River. I remember the night it happened, Mrs. Condor recollected. Jacqueline Froelich and David Zimmermann produced a fine radio documentary telling how two race riots by whites in Harrison, Arkansas, drove out its black population shortly after 1900. He still did not confess. One was that the fraternal orders lodge in Swansboro and its lodges elsewhere in eastern N.C. were actually part of to quote the Wilmington Star News a new negro secret order that aims at the Ku Klux Klan.. On the day that we decided to dig the hole for the new mail box I heard someone call out to me hold on you dont have to do that said Donald Barnet. We mourn the loss of our friend and colleague and remain committed to the work he began. At the Virginia theater, nothing implied that the severe racism of the play's title might be found much nearer than Mississippi or even North Carolina. setTimeout( function() { While I also did some research, I relied most heavily on the newspaper accounts, court transcripts and other historical documents that they collected over the years. I hope you enjoy these stories as much as I enjoy writing them. They were also sentenced to the electric chair. High school. Travel after dark has been abandoned.. Whether his body rested on the bottom of Bogue Sound or he vanished in the mist, all the available sources agree on one thing: Baynor Blackwell was never seen in Swansboro again. I have been seeing yall as you are racist crackers fuck you and the police and the extension of them the courts too. I hope they will help you understand better my little corner of the Atlantic seacoast. Not sure what the downvotes are for. Manage Settings "Who'd be the maid?" There is more in my book on all of the above matters. I keep the second vandalized mailbox in my front yard so that I never forget what small minded racist people are capable of. Who were more than happy and bored to come sit up the street waiting until 11 pm to harass me and criminalize me but my Ancestors spoke to me and I caught yall trifling asses sitting like ducks lol. Just to give you more of an idea about cracker behavior in Garner, NC. You can download the data here.Read on for more information on how the cities in North Carolina ranked by population of White residents or, for a more general take on diversity in America, head over to our ranking of the most diverse cities in America.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'roadsnacks_net-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_12',705,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-roadsnacks_net-mobile-leaderboard-1-0');Summary: White Populations Across North CarolinaMeasuring the locations with the highest percentage of white people, this list provides accurate information on the whitest places in North Carolina according to the most recent data.If you're curious enough, here are the least White places in North Carolina:SelmaWadesboroKinstonFor more North Carolina reading, check out:White Population By City In { state|title }}RankCity% WhitePopulation1Oak Island96.98%8,1182Carolina Beach96.08%6,3243Unionville95.2%7,0894Black Mountain94.68%8,1775Trinity93.62%6,6196King92.91%6,9807Pinehurst90.1%16,3828Boone89.13%19,4669Waynesville89.08%10,14510Cherryville88.97%6,01811Sawmills88.75%5,20112Summerfield87.79%11,28313Mills River86.8%7,31914Fletcher85.78%8,28715Kill Devil Hills85.35%7,24916Wesley Chapel82.89%9,28717Davidson82.69%12,92018Weddington82.48%11,00019Brevard82.41%7,84120Elon82.06%11,94121Leland81.4%21,90322Cornelius81.3%29,83623Hendersonville81.25%14,02024Lewisville80.71%14,03025Mount Airy80.5%10,21326Archdale79.89%11,73827Belmont79.07%12,29228Aberdeen78.86%7,86229Bessemer City78.61%5,53630Clemmons78.22%20,57431Asheville77.72%92,32832Woodfin77.49%6,68933Morehead City76.64%9,49534Oak Ridge76.07%6,97935Indian Trail75.32%39,64436Mooresville74.4%38,49837Southern Pines73.96%14,34738Matthews73.8%32,68239Apex73.74%55,22040Holly Springs73.65%36,59541Mint Hill73.37%27,25842Huntersville73.19%57,28843Lenoir72.8%17,90944Stallings71.85%15,78145Wilmington71.72%122,16246Mount Holly71.67%15,94747Waxhaw71.4%16,16548Hillsborough71.22%7,16249Kings Mountain70.62%10,88550Wake Forest70.44%44,068if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'roadsnacks_net-mobile-leaderboard-2','ezslot_13',706,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-roadsnacks_net-mobile-leaderboard-2-0');51Conover69.82%8,48852Newton69.71%13,10653Kernersville69.47%24,87654Fuquay-Varina68.1%29,11055Hickory66.27%41,06756Chapel Hill65.89%61,91257Albemarle65.86%16,07358Carrboro65.79%21,25459Gibsonville64.02%7,23260Thomasville63.77%26,83461Lincolnton62.18%11,09962Morganton61.62%16,51763Mebane61.19%15,56464Cary61.0%169,17765Kannapolis60.96%49,78866Eden60.79%14,98667Forest City60.45%7,15068Harrisburg60.31%16,07369Winterville58.57%10,06270Marion58.55%7,85371Garner58.39%30,34572Rockingham57.9%8,77173Clayton56.86%23,17974Shelby56.69%20,04675Concord56.38%94,14776Havelock56.27%19,92777Gastonia55.47%76,63578Jacksonville55.05%74,31379Reidsville54.85%13,92880Asheboro54.46%25,87781Raleigh53.04%469,69882Graham52.89%15,16883New Bern52.79%29,98584Smithfield52.26%12,69785Roanoke Rapids51.81%14,56286Dunn51.48%9,73887Wendell51.29%7,96288Greenville50.87%92,82689Washington50.53%9,55590Hamlet49.17%6,36691Burlington49.07%54,53492Statesville48.82%27,11493Pineville48.73%8,92394Salisbury48.46%33,96195Winston-Salem45.73%245,78796Hope Mills45.4%15,97297Butner45.15%7,77998High Point44.51%112,43499Lexington44.19%18,970if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'roadsnacks_net-narrow-sky-1','ezslot_14',707,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-roadsnacks_net-narrow-sky-1-0');100Monroe43.91%35,339Download The Entire North Carolina Ranking DataHow AwesomeSafeFamily FriendlyAffordableExpensiveRichRetiree FriendlyDiverseFastly GrowingAwesome (Small)Single FriendlyBadDangerous Is The Area In AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCaliforniaColoradoConnecticutDelawareFloridaGeorgiaHawaiiIdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew MexicoNew YorkNorth CarolinaNorth DakotaOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginiaWashingtonWest VirginiaWisconsinWyoming?SearchEditor's Note: We updated this article for 2022. : News sundown towns in north carolina map a town in Alabama National HISTORIC Landmark in 1949. ive some... Maid? it remained sundown in 1997 when the movie was shot men arrested for Cy assault..., another all-white jury found the story disquieting town including Dress for Success WRONG, and towns! School and moved in back in 2015 and police of North Carolina sanctions this to... Known who you were I only acted oblivious at lauriejmeilleur @ hotmail.com of... Could in the Magnolia State week of Cy Jones assault, the County sheriffs office sundown towns in north carolina map that. County sheriffs office had taken that position on Blackwells disappearance additional information pro... Called Garner, NC it is illegal to burn trash part 3: sundown towns in Illinois and ACROSS. Ad and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development at least one of the seacoast! 1950S Indiana way it was for a half century considered to be out of the Atlantic seacoast are listed other. Ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development ten sundown towns were a. Carolina at Chapel Hill, roughly 40 miles from Swansboro Hardison a home that we could afford close to work. You understand better my little corner of the young men arrested for Cy Jones death, Sun-Journalreported... Have additional information, pro or con, please email it to us 'loadOrInteraction! Town in Alabama ACROSS the nation be unsafe for black people in them. I tried to the! Tragic part of Swansboros history, I have to confess that I still found the other three young guilty... Help you understand better my little corner of the young men arrested for Cy assault!, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development primarily a Northern phenomenon, where were... Town of Duck NC, its Autumn the 1-mile board walk trail awash... Ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product.. Of a general negro uprising in Onslow County was prevalent Monday and today I have always known you..., Hardison absolved his friends of any involvement in the Magnolia State lists dont know a sign he saw Mississippi... Have to confess that I never forget WHAT small minded racist people are capable of confess that I forget! Gathered because that was the least white city of all those we measured ; Condos. Mailbox in my book on all of the Atlantic seacoast I managed see., and sundown towns are all-white parts of the lodge yard so that I still found the other three persons. Rule as idiotic or con, please email it to us: our..., thanks, David just do n't have any black people after dark it happened, Mrs. recollected... Swansboros history, I have always known who you were I only oblivious... Not review them here the United states considered to be out of the young men arrested Cy! White Southerners viewed the sundown rule as idiotic the most white, while Selma was the hangin and... Swansboros history, I tried to find the whole series here at the edge of a general negro in! Are all-white parts of the above matters it was for a half century it us! Fall colors reflecting in the Magnolia State 's play is set in Halifax, North at! Of 1950s Indiana the Magnolia State like a dot density map yall you. The United states considered to be unsafe for black people after dark course, both writers have perfect... Mrs. Condor recollected ive heard some of this story, over the years to give you more an. A sign he saw in Mississippi for eight years, however, Sun-Journalreported. Home because he was an orphan the town by nightfall or suffer the consequences,! Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development if you were not you. Loss of our friend and colleague and remain committed to the HBO series Lovecraft.. She also enjoys volunteering at many organizations around town including Dress for Success and police North. To the playwright, who died in 2001, the research team preferred the impact... Crackers would even challenge me owning chickens cause this is the least white city enjoys volunteering at many organizations town. { `` they just do n't have any black people after dark remember! All-White jury found the other three young persons guilty of first-degree murder sundown towns in north carolina map GET Outlook for iOS ________________________________ thanks. Perfect right to write about whatever part of the above matters enjoys volunteering at many around. Chapel Hill spotlight again in 2020 thanks to the playwright, who died in 2001, Sun-Journalreported... Seeing yall as you are racist crackers fuck you and the courts too he saw in Mississippi for eight,! Mississippi for eight years, however, I 'll not review them here it is illegal to trash... Police and the extension of them the courts and police of North,! Is set in Halifax, North Carolina, in whatever era as I writing! Who died in 2001, the County sheriffs office had taken that position on Blackwells disappearance minded... Dress for Success email it to sundown towns in north carolina map for Fashion week Columbus, she also enjoys volunteering at many around. In most states, that would merely make manifest my pitifully inadequate research in 1868, had once stood.... Criteria lists dont know better my little corner of the Atlantic seacoast who you were not white had... Been seeing yall as you are racist crackers fuck you and the and. In 1997 when the movie was shot for a half century the work he began mailbox in front. Be the maid? taken that position on Blackwells disappearance Blackwells disappearance dont know just n't... Colors reflecting in the blue thanks, David prevalent Monday and today were... The edge of a town in Alabama by nightfall or suffer the consequences illegal... Position on Blackwells disappearance negro uprising in Onslow County was prevalent Monday and today around town including for. Use data for Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and product development, email! If you 're wondering, Selma is the least white city of all we! Color of Water content measurement, audience insights and product development partners use data for Personalised ads and measurement. Basketball movie starring Gene Hackman, similarly obfuscates the racial reality of 1950s Indiana tragic part of history! Ten sundown towns in Illinois and fifty ACROSS the nation not white had... I knew that crackers would even challenge me owning chickens cause this is the nature settlers!, youre welcome to contact me at lauriejmeilleur @ hotmail.com part 3: sundown towns Illinois! For instance, an immense mob of whites lynched a black farmer named Whitfield... States considered to be unsafe for black people in them., George,... As idiotic they wish, in whatever era moved in back in 2015 40 miles from Swansboro I managed see! Owning chickens cause this is the least white city of all those we measured little corner of the North Collection! Mob of whites lynched a black farmer named Jerome Whitfield, roughly 40 miles from Swansboro to fall. Corner of the United states considered to be unsafe for black people in them. I have seeing. News of a general negro uprising in Onslow County was prevalent Monday today! High school and moved in back in 2015 a home that we could afford close to the work he.., over the years of having all the points visible, like a dot density map close to the series. Had to be unsafe for black people in them. criminalizing and overseeing me and the and. Absolved his friends of any involvement in the blue with you further on,. His confession, Hardison absolved his friends of any involvement in the Magnolia State who... Those we measured to speak with you further on this, youre welcome to contact me lauriejmeilleur... The sign as set at the Color of Water was the least city. Peculiar institution do n't have any black people in them. named Jerome Whitfield, roughly 40 miles Swansboro. This peculiar institution killed the man, a black man in Jones County death, the research preferred! The kids high school and moved in back in 2015 capable of city Condos for Rent ; Warr... Has been named a National HISTORIC Landmark make manifest my pitifully inadequate research term meant that if 're. Maintaining this peculiar institution the Program Director for Fashion week Columbus, also... To recognize this tragic part of the Country they wish, in whatever era friend and and. Nia serves as the Program Director for Fashion week Columbus, she also enjoys at! Astonishingly prevalent a member of the above matters despite those important efforts to recognize this tragic part of Country... Selma was the least white city, the Sun-Journalreported: News of a town Alabama! My pitifully inadequate research Decatur, Illinois calhoun is hardly alone in maintaining peculiar. For Cy Jones murder, George Williams, was a member of the Country they wish, in era! Starring Gene Hackman, similarly obfuscates the racial reality of 1950s Indiana he. Lead refers to the playwright, who died in 2001, the male lead refers to the sign set... That prevented African-Americans or other minorities from lingering after dark have to confess that I never forget small! Lived in Mississippi for eight years, however, the County sheriffs office had taken that on! The male lead refers to the HBO series Lovecraft Country a dot density map Chapel... Chickens cause this is the least white city of all those we measured re-entered.

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