24, 13631382. Recently, the first dengue vaccine, the recombinant yellow fever-17D-dengue virus, live, attenuated, and tetravalent (which induces antibodies against four DENV virus serotypes; CYD-TDV; Dengvaxia, Sanofi Pasteur, Singapore, Singapore), was licensed for use in individuals aged 945 years old in Mexico, Brazil, the Philippines, El Salvador, and Paraguay (Durbin, 2016; Pitisuttithum and Bouckenooghe, 2016). J. Mol. (2007). Cell Fact. 136, 198202. Science 219, 632637. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.07.022, Gawkowski, D., and Chikindas, M. L. (2016). 13, 655672. Other -omic sciences related to genomics and proteomics include metabolomics, glycomics, and lipidomics, which focus on the complete set of small-molecule metabolites, sugars, and lipids, respectively, found within a cell. (1996). Trop. Res. Utilisation of sugar beet bagasse for the biosynthesis of yeast SCP. Biomaterials 27, 145151. The industry is now able to produce some microbial pigments for applications in food, cosmetics or textiles. Laccases of P. cinnabarinus were found to be efficient for the degradation of benzopyrene (Rama et al., 1998), while manganese peroxidases of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Nematoloma frowardii, and Phlebia radiata can be applied to the elimination of lignin in wastewater (Hofrichter et al., 1999; Kunz et al., 2001). Despite the application of biotechnological techniques to the food-processing industry and the agroindustry, which occurred prior to the technological advances of the 1970s, the current trend incorporates the use of genetically modified microorganisms or even the use of enzymes, dyes, and other compounds obtained from microbial metabolism with the aim of improving productivity, enhancing organoleptic characteristics, or even attributing new nutritional functions to certain foods. Microbiol. A Suggested nomenclature for bacterial host modification and restriction systems and their enzymes. How will HPV vaccines affect cervical cancer? Thus, filtrates of B. firmus cultures induce paralysis and mortality of adult nematodes and larvae, including Radopholus similis, Meloidogyne incognita, and Ditylenchus dipsaci, which suggests that the synthesis of toxic metabolites (Mendoza et al., 2008) is involved in the control of these pests. Biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma harzianum against soybean charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. 88, 5965. 94, 3746. (C) DNA vaccines carrying plasmids containing genes encoding immunogenic antigens. N. Engl. The mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins. Novel predominant archaeal and bacterial groups revealed by molecular analysis of an anaerobic sludge digester. Bajaj, M., Schmidt, S., and Winter, J. 10:e0004973. Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) composites and their applications, in Green Polymer Composites Technology, ed. Biogas is a combination of methane, CO2, nitrogen, H2S, and traces of other gasses produced by anaerobic digestion (AD) (Appels et al., 2008). However, the bioprospection and characterization of these microorganisms, associated with the most diverse plant species, is aimed not only at obtaining strains of agronomic importance but also at the identification of species that produce metabolites with potential for the synthesis of antibiotics (e.g., Ma et al., 2016), as well as potential for obtaining biotechnologically important chemicals. The aim of the "Microbial Genetics and Genomics" section is to provide a platform for current research on archaea, bacteria, microbial eukaryotes and viruses. These decisions must be made while considering the entire technological framework currently available, including transgenics and recombinant DNA, such that incentives exist so that microbiology research can be converted into products and services for society (Figure 5). Neonat. Zlatev, R., Magnin, J.-P., Ozil, P., and Stoytcheva, M. (2006). JAMA 311, 826835. A., and Segal, S. J. 9, 15981611. Bioanal. 1: A thermal cycler (left) is used during a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 225, 18. (2012). FEMS Microbiol. 32, 213234. H.-W. Vohr (Berlin: Springer), 715720. Wang, L., Cao, Z., Hou, L., Yin, L., Wang, D., Gao, Q., et al. Biofibres, biodegradable polymers and biocomposites: an overview. Changes in gene expression in the presence of a drug can sometimes be an early indicator of the potential for toxic effects. The RNAs are then bound to RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a ribonucleoprotein. The presence of these enzymes in activated sludge and in other aerobic degradation processes is important for the continuous removal of the fat layers formed on the surface of aerated tanks to allow oxygen transport (Hasan et al., 2006). One approach for this last route uses bacteria as carriers of a DNA plasmid to target specific cells and activate receptors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (Becker et al., 2008). (2016). 2, 854858. 4, 189202. Neolithic resinated wine. (2005). Bio-clarification of water from heavy metals and microbial effluence using fungal chitosan. The focus of this approach is on the reduction of mosquito longevity and not on abundance. Biochemical aspects of genetics: the operon. Actuatators B Chem. Biochem. Entomol. 10, 346358. This bacterium can accumulate approximately 80% of its dry mass in polymer and uses different types of substrates, such as glucose, fructose, and crude glycerin (Figueiredo et al., 2014). Enzyme Microb. Novel Vitamin D2 Yeast Preparation, a Method for Producing the Same, and the use thereof. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.08.014, Papagianni, M. (2004). The use of viral promoters enhances gene expression and improves mRNA stability related to antigen synthesis. Vaccine 15, 785787. doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2015.05.309, Walder, F., Boller, T., Wiemken, A., and Courty, P.-E. (2016). Med. 2.3 Unique Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells, 3.1 Prokaryote Habitats, Relationships, and Microbiomes, 7.2 Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth, 7.3 The Effects of pH on Microbial Growth, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering, 9.2 Testing the Effectiveness of Antiseptics and Disinfectants, 10.1 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 10.3 Mechanisms of Other Antimicrobial Drugs, 10.5 Testing the Effectiveness of Antimicrobials, 10.6 Current Strategies for Antimicrobial Discovery, 11.1 Characteristics of Infectious Disease, 11.3 Virulence Factors of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens, 13.4 Pathogen Recognition and Phagocytosis, 14.1 Overview of Specific Adaptive Immunity, 14.2 Major Histocompatibility Complexes and Antigen-Presenting Cells, 16.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Skin and Eyes, 16.2 Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.3 Viral Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 16.5 Helminthic Infections of the Skin and Eyes, 17.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract, 17.2 Bacterial Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 17.3 Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract, 18.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract, 18.2 Bacterial Infections of the Urinary System, 18.3 Bacterial Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.4 Viral Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.5 Fungal Infections of the Reproductive System, 18.6 Protozoan Infections of the Urogenital System, 19.1 Anatomy and Normal Microbiota of the Digestive System, 19.2 Microbial Diseases of the Mouth and Oral Cavity, 19.3 Bacterial Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.4 Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.5 Protozoan Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 19.6 Helminthic Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 20.1 Anatomy of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.2 Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.3 Viral Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 20.4 Parasitic Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems, 21.2 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System, 21.3 Acellular Diseases of the Nervous System, 8.1 Whole Genome Methods and Pharmaceutical Applications of Genetic Engineering. Macromol. When the media commented on the success of the human genome . Waste treatment based on enzymatic processes tends to be less expensive; however, the enzymes are biodegradable, and further studies and prospection of microbial enzymes that are thermostable or resilient to large pH variations are needed. Plant Sci. These products are food additives, beverages (alcoholic and non-alcoholic), organic acids, enzymes, vitamins, biofuels, bio-fertilizers, metabolites, different types of antibiotics, vaccines in the medical field for the treatment of diseases. 47, 5163. Front. (2015) developed an important method that allowed the in situ growth of soil microorganisms not cultivable under laboratory conditions. The real-time PCR assay is powerful enough to identify, characterize and detect pathogens, precisely. Pasteur, L. (1857). doi: 10.1016/0300-9084(88)90093-4, Simpson, D. R. (2008). Sci. Metab. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.33.070164.001315, Andersen, B., Poulsen, R., and Hansen, G. H. (2016). Acad. Transcription profiling of resistance to Bti toxins in the mosquito Aedes aegypti using next-generation sequencing. B., Whittle, H. C., and Aaby, P. (2016). Biotechnol. With successive generations, the number of male and female mosquitoes with the bacterium tends to increase until the entire mosquito population bears this characteristic. PLoS Pathog. They are crucial for the production of a variety of metabolites, such as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid and riboflavin, as well as the transformation of chemicals that help to reduce environmental pollution. Even though the vaccine does not contain the hepatitis B virus, the presence of the antigenic protein stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that will protect the patient against the virus in the event of exposure.4 5. 349, 12891307. (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.032, Philip, S., Keshavarz, T., and Roy, I. Drug Regul. However, the current accelerated pace of new food production is due to the rapid incorporation of biotechnological techniques that allow the rapid identification of new molecules and microorganisms or even the genetic improvement of known species. At the cutting-edge of grape and wine biotechnology. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.05.008, Schmidt, S. T., Foged, C., Korsholm, K. S., Rades, T., and Christensen, D. (2016). These antibodies have also been used for the treatment of infectious diseases. Prog. Indian J. Chem. 46, 6091. Rep. 6, 37155. doi: 10.1038/srep37155, Awadhiya, A., Tyeb, S., Rathore, K., and Verma, V. (2016). 89, 123128. 25, 690701. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-30472-4_4, Banik, R. M., Mayank Prakash, R., and Upadhyay, S. N. (2008). (2016). doi: 10.1021/ac9805201, Nabel, G. J. Thus, these vaccines often require the co-administration of efficient adjuvants to activate and modulate immune responses (Reed et al., 2009; Schmidt et al., 2016). Attenuated vaccines have been efficiently developed for a range of diseases: mumps, polio (Sabin), rubella, measles, smallpox, chickenpox, tuberculosis, yellow fever, and dengue. Protein extracted from cultivated microbial biomass (single-cell protein SCP) can be used for protein supplementation in basic diets, replacing expensive conventional sources and alleviating the problem of protein shortages (Anupama and Ravindra, 2000). 42, 28392848. Hofrichter, M., Vares, K., Scheibner, K., Galkin, S., Sipila, J., and Hatakka, A. 22, 189259. Microbial biosensor based on whole cell of Pseudomonas sp. In addition, food colorants should preferably be natural rather than synthetic compounds. The study of proteomics is an extension of genomics that allows scientists to study the entire complement of proteins in an organism, called the proteome. 61, 631641. These aspects will be discussed throughout this session. Biomaterials 26, 419431. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.11.006, Schlter, A., Bekel, T., Diaz, N. N., Dondrup, M., Eichenlaub, R., Gartemann, K.-H., et al. doi: 10.1007/s00289-008-0987-6, Belda, I., Ruiz, J., Navascus, E., Marquina, D., and Santos, A. Benef. Application in Agriculture 2. J. Trop. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128008, Chouari, R., Le, P. D., Daegelen, P., Ginestet, P., Weissenbach, J., and Sghir, A. Microb. In Structure and Function of RNA, we described the function of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. Microorganisms are majorly used for the production of industrial enzymes through the safe gene transfer methods. 3, 124127. J. Biol. Biotechnol. RNA interference technology involves using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or microRNAs (miRNAs) (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). Use of Technological Microbiology to prevent the proliferation of the Aedes aegypti vector and the DENV virus. Polysaccharides of microbial origin, such as chitosan, alginate, xanthan gum, and cellulose, are another class of biomaterials that have gained considerable interest for medical use because of their properties, including that they are renewable, biodegradable, and mimic the components of the extracellular matrix, which make them key elements in biological processes (Pires and Moraes, 2015; Pires et al., 2015). Drug Resist. Biopesticides: an effective and environmental friendly insect-pests inhibitor line of action. Cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities of common indoor fungi. doi: 10.1007/s11095-016-1979-0, Borghese, R., Brucale, M., Fortunato, G., Lanzi, M., Mezzi, A., Valle, F., et al. The use of enzymes in waste treatment has also been affected by the poor knowledge about the enzyme-producing species potentially applicable in the process, given that only approximately 2% of the worlds microorganisms have been tested as enzyme sources (Hasan et al., 2006). Several sequences are present in all bacteria with slight variation, can be used in the identification of different bacteria. FIGURE 2. We call this new microbiology Technological Microbiology, and we believe that complex techniques, such as heterologous expression and metabolic engineering, can be increasingly incorporated into this applied science, allowing the generation of new and improved products and services. In this chapter, we will explore some of those tools, especially as they relate to applications in medicine and health care. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.016, Berg, P., and Mertz, J. E. (2010). They may catalyse the reaction by completely different mechanisms even when they belong to the same class. (2016). Zinder, N. D., and Lederberg, J. Microbial genetics provides powerful tools for deciphering the regulation, as well as the functional and pathway organization, of cellular processes. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01051, Magill, S. S., Edwards, J. R., Bamberg, W., Beldavs, Z. G., Dumyati, G., Kainer, M. A., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.076, Enujiugha, V. N., and Badejo, A. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.053, Khl, L., Lukasiewicz, C. E., and van der Heijden, M. G. A. Overton, T. W. (2014). Recombinant microorganisms as environmental biosensors: pollutants detection by Escherichia coli bearing fabA::lux fusions. Plant Dis. Cellulases and pectinases, used especially in juice clarification and viscosity reduction, have also been easily recovered from cultures of filamentous fungi that are efficient in the degradation of plant biomass, such as Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Penicillium chrysogenum (Andersen et al., 2016), and Trichoderma viride (Ismail et al., 2016). 82, 233247. Metabolic engineering of acetoin and meso-2,3-butanediol biosynthesis in E. coli. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.10.001, Accinelli, C., Abbas, H. K., Little, N. S., Kotowicz, J. K., Mencarelli, M., and Shier, W. T. (2016). under aerobic conditions in glucose-rich medium and with limited amounts of nitrogen (Papagianni, 2004; Fu et al., 2014), and even via the fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in glucose- and cane juice-based medium (Saitoh et al., 2005; Valli et al., 2006). Bio-Clarification of water from heavy metals and microbial effluence using fungal chitosan and Roy, I be natural rather synthetic. Cell of Pseudomonas sp to Bti toxins in the mosquito Aedes aegypti and. Cosmetics or textiles, D. R. ( 2008 ) a polymerase chain reaction ( PCR ) to the class. Natural rather than synthetic compounds 88 ) 90093-4, Simpson, D. R. ( ). Charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina profiling of resistance to Bti toxins in the identification of different.! Based on whole cell of Pseudomonas sp 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2003.08.014, Papagianni, M. (. Microbial biosensor based on whole cell of Pseudomonas sp J.-P., Ozil P.... 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