In February of 1861, just two months before the official start of the Civil War, Jefferson Davis delivered his inaugural address to the Confederacy as its new leader. But we knew the value of the object for which we struggled, and understood the nature of the war in which we were engaged. The world at large is concerned in opening our markets to its commerce. Even with the corrections, Jefferson continued adjusting the address until the eleventh hour, submitting a few changes to Smith after he sent along the full draft (see, The address rapidly circulated through the states after Smiths printing, with many newspapers publishing the speech in full. these covering our land with officers, & opening our doors to their intrusions, had already begun that process of domiciliary vexation, which, once entered, is scarcely to be restrained from reaching successively every article of property & produce. 1805], Reading Copy of Second Inaugural Address, [before 4 Mch. 213 lessons his refusal to sign the Wade-Davis Bill. To save ourselves from a revolution which, in its silent but rapid progress, was about to place us under the despotism of numbers, and to preserve in spirit, as well as in form, a system of government we believed to be peculiarly fitted to our condition, and full of promise for mankind, we determined to make a new association, composed of States homogeneous in interest, in policy, and in feeling. A million of men, it is estimated, are now standing in hostile array, and waging war along a frontier of thousands of miles. Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251-1892 |, 713-348-0000 | Privacy Policy | Web Accessibility | Campus Carry, Volume 10 (October 1863-August 1864) Index, Volume 11 (September 1864-May 1865) Index. "Jefferson Davis' Second Inaugural Address," The Papers of Jefferson Davis, accessed March 13, 2015, https: . The address has drawn more attention from scholars of Jeffersons public presentation and expression of executive authority, but it remains secondary to his first address. 21 st Century 2000 - Thomas Jefferson Second Inaugural Address Second Inaugural Address March 4, 1805 Bastiles filled with prisoners, arrested without civil process or indictment duly found; the writ ofhabeas corpussuspended by Executive mandate; a State Legislature controlled by the imprisonment of members whose avowed principles suggested to the Federal Executive that there might be another added to the list of seceded States; elections held under threats of a military power; civil officers, peaceful citizens, and gentle-women incarcerated for opinions sakeproclaimed the incapacity of our late associates to administer a Government as free, liberal, and humane as that established for our common use. Lincoln-Douglas Debates History & Significance | What Was the Lincoln-Douglas Debate? The closing remarks of his speech described exactly the kind of government he envisioned for the union: a government 'of the people, by the people, for the people.'. topics that appear in. Jefferson Davis' Second Inaugural Address. Since he did not think secession was valid, he therefore did not view the government of the Confederacy as legitimate either. We have neither asked nor received assistance from any quarter. It is cultivating feelings of patriotism, virtue, and courage. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: Published by Princeton University Press and copyrighted, 2021, by Princeton University Press. https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/99-01-02-1302, National Historical Publications and Mississippi Department of Archives and History. War Democrats, border states, and Republicans. Well, Lincoln disagreed. Soon to come: Gettysburg . For proof of the sincerity of our purpose to maintain our ancient institutions, we may point to the Constitution of the Confederacy and the laws enacted under it, as well as to the fact that through all the necessities of an unequal struggle there has been no act on our part to impair personal liberty or the freedom of speech, of thought, or of the press. He then returned to the Presidents House, where according to Foster he was in high spirits as everyone by common accord went to pay him a visit of congratulation. The 8 Mch. Box 1892 But the Government at Washington, denying our right to self-government, refused even to listen to any proposals for a peaceful separation. The day, the memory, and the purpose seem fitly associated. Seven Southern states had already seceded, or broken away, from the United States and formed the Confederacy. This great strife has awakened in the people the highest emotions and qualities of the human soul. Phone: (713) 348-2586 Fellow-Citizens:On this the birthday of the man most identified with the establishment of American independence, and beneath the monument erected to commemorate his heroic virtues and those of his compatriots, we have assembled to usher into existence the Permanent Government of the Confederate States. 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Three weeks later, Abraham Lincoln did likewise, to much different results. they gathered around their public functionaries. Virginia Capitol, Richmond, February 22, 1862. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. A new Government has been established, and its machinery put in operation over an area exceeding seven hundred thousand square miles. "Second Inaugural Address, 4 March 1805," Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/99-01-02-1302. Never has a people evinced a more determined spirit than that now animating men, women, and children in every part of our country. However, many Southerners still viewed the disagreement on slavery as the North's attempt to take away their liberties. Abraham Lincoln was reelected to a second term as President of the United States in 1865. 'Four score and seven years ago. it is due to the sound discretion with which they select from among themselves those to whom they confide the legislative duties. War will then be but a suspension of useful works; & a return to a state of peace a return to the progress of improvement. 198-203. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. In February of 1861, just two months before the official start of the Civil War, Jefferson Davis delivered his inaugural address to the Confederacy as its new leader. these persons inculcate a sanctimonious reverence for the customs of their ancestors; that whatsoever they did must be done through all time; that reason is a false guide, and to advance under its counsel in their physical, moral or political condition is perilous innovation: that their duty is to remain as their creator made them, ignorance being safety, and knolege full of danger. That we are to escape them in future is not to be hoped. No inference is here intended that the laws provided by the states against false & defamatory publications, should not be enforced. He also humbly held that he was restricted to only the most prominent heads and the strongest justifications. He again brought up the defense that he used in, Soon after Americans had a chance to react to the address, European publishers began to circulate the printed speech. To save ourselves from a revolution which, in its silent but rapid progress, was about to place us under the despotism of numbers, and to preserve in spirit, as well as in form, a system of government we believed to be peculiarly fitted to our condition, and full of promise for mankind, we determined to make a new association, composed of States homogeneous in interest, in policy, and in feeling. Our confederate strength will be too great to tempt aggression; and never was there a people whose interests and principles committed them so fully to a peaceful policy as those of the Confederate States. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 These marks were Jeffersons cues for pauses as he read the address. and history bears witness to the fact, that a just nation is trusted on its word, when recourse is had to armaments and wars to bridle others. it is due to the zeal & wisdom of the characters thus selected, who lay the foundations of public happiness in wholsome laws, the execution of which alone remains for others. flashcard sets. Davis_Inauguration-536. The people of the States now confederated became convinced that the Government of the United States had fallen into the hands of a sectinal majority, who would pervert that most sacred of all trusts to the destruction of the rights which it was pledged to protect. he who has time renders a service to public morals, & public tranquility, in reforming these abuses by the salutary coercions of the law. In other words, Davis justified the South's decision to secede by arguing that the Constitution allows oppressed citizens to rise up against the government. The optimism which some had had at the beginning of the war had faded away. It is with mingled feelings of humility and pride that I appear to take, in the presence of the people and before high Heaven, the oath prescribed as a qualification for the exalted station to which the unanimous voice of the people has called me. They are diacritical marks to assist Jefferson in the oral delivery of the address. endowed with the faculties & the rights of men, breathing an ardent love of liberty and independance, & occupying a country which left them no desire but to be undisturbed, the stream of overflowing population from other regions directed itself on these shores. In contrast, Davis wanted to direct his energies to the new Confederacy with no interest in returning to the North. By the character of their productions they are too deeply interested in foreign commerce wantonly to disturb it. He continued to use the idea of a national union of sentiment to depict hardened opposition as an anomaly and the worst Federalist printers as a numerically small holdout of false and backwards thought. All rights reserved. Whatever of hope some may have entertained that a returning sense of justice would remove the danger with which our rights were threatened, and render it possible to preserve the Union of the Constitution, must have been dispelled by the malignity and barbarity of the Northern States in the prosecution of the existing war. 4 Mch. preserve, publish, and encourage the use of documentary sources, relating to the history of Where Abraham Lincoln would offer logical reasoning, Jefferson would strike out with accusations at the Union. when satisfied of these views, it is not in human nature that they should not approve & support them. succeed. our fellow citizens looked on cool, & collected. He directed his words at convincing them that he was not their enemy, but a friend. He spoke, according to John Quincy Adams, in so low a voice that not half of it was heard by any part of the crowded auditory. Augustus Foster also noted that the speech was too low spoken to be heard well. The inflections carefully marked according to Sheridans principles came to nothing. The abolitionist orator/editor (and former slave) had met Lincoln only twice before, and for most of the war was a fierce critic of the president's policies. The first year in our history has been the most eventful in the annals of this continent. Second Inaugural Address by Jefferson Davis (Confederate States of America) Summary In this second Inaugural Address, Davis, now President of the Confederate States, speaks from what is now the Capitol of the Confederate States of America, Richmond Virginia. To show ourselves worthy of the inheritance bequeathed to us by the patriots of the Revolution, we must emulate that heroic devotion which made reverse to them but the crucible in which their patriotism was refined. True to our traditions of peace and our love of justice, we sent commissioners to the United States to propose a fair and amicable settlement of all questions of public debt or property which might be in dispute. It was to be expected when we entered upon this war that it would expose our people to sacrifices and cost them much, both of money and blood. I highly recommend you use this site! Jeffersons painstaking work in preparing the reading copy was worthwhile in allowing him to put the full text of the speech on the two faces of the single sheet. The rule of voluntary association, which cannot fail to be conservative, by securing just and impartial government at home, does not diminish the security of the obligations by which the Confederate States may be bound to foreign nations. but the experiment is noted to prove that, since truth & reason have maintained their ground against false opinions, in league with false facts, the Press, confined to truth, needs no other legal restraint. Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis both believed in securing rights and freedoms for their people. The courts have been open, the judicial functions fully executed, and every right of the peaceful citizen maintained as securely as if a war of invasion had not disturbed the land. facts are piercing through the veil drawn over them: & our doubting brethren will at length see that the mass of their fellow citizens, with whom they cannot yet resolve to act, as to principles & measures, think as they think, & desire what they desire. Jefferson Davis was again selected to remain as the President of the newly formed government and commenced to give his second inaugural address on the 22 nd of February, 1862 in front of a monument to George Washington at . George Washington had chosen to speak only briefly, and John Adams had not had the opportunity to give one. Whether a government, conducting itself in the true spirit of its constitution with zeal and purity, and doing no act which it would be unwilling the whole world should witness, can be written down by falsehood & defamation? The courts have been open, the judicial functions fully executed, and every right of the peaceful citizen maintained as securely as if a war of invasion had not disturbed the land. The Aboriginal inhabitants of these countries I have regarded with the commiseration their history inspires. We too have had our trials and difficulties. Sometime between that date and 4 Mch. . and, that redemption once effected, the revenue thereby liberated may, by a just repartition of it among the states, & a corresponding amendment of the constitution, be applied, in time of peace, to rivers, canals, roads, arts, manufactures, education, & other great objects within each state. While the war had started favorably for the Confederate States, the first several weeks of 1862 found the North was winning all the battles. Nor have the material sacrifices of the past year been made without some corresponding benefits. Jefferson Davis Sets the Tone. All rights reserved. According to this view, he believed the Southern states could not legally leave the union. In giving these outlines, I do not mean, fellow citizens, to arrogate to myself the merit of the measures. With these techniques, Jefferson rendered the sentence The Aboriginal inhabitants of these countries I have regarded with the commiseration their history inspires as: The sentence I have therefore undertaken, on no occasion, to prescribe the religious exercises suited to it appears as: And they too have their Anti-Philosophists, who find an interest he copied as: Visible in those examples are additional markings that do not represent letters of the alphabet. and when the constitution called them to the decision by suffrage, they pronounced their verdict, honorable to those who had served them, and consolatory to the friend of man, who believes that he may be trusted with the controul of his own affairs. Note: this link will eventually disappear! Nothing could be so bad as failure, and any sacrifice would be cheap as the price of success in such a contest. we have done them justice on all occasions; favor, where favor was lawful, & cherished mutual interests & intercourse on fair & equal terms. In his second inaugural address, Lincoln said that slavery "was, somehow, the . in time of war, if injustice by ourselves or others must sometimes produce war, increased as the same revenue will be by increased population & consumption, & aided by other resources reserved for that crisis, it may meet within the year all the expences of the year, without encroaching on the rights of future generations by burthening them with the debts of the past. In what was probably Lincoln's most famous speech, the Gettysburg Address of 1863, he delivered a solemn message after a battle in which approximately 50,000 soldiers died. with those too, not yet rallied to the same point, the disposition to do so is gaining strength. Remember how Davis argued that it was a necessity for the South to leave the union? First Inaugural Address Washington, DC. In 1862, he added emancipation, finding it a military necessity. They therefore determined to sever its bonds and establish a new Confederacy for themselves. Deeply sensible of all that is implied by this manifestation of the people's confidence, I am yet more profoundly impressed by the vast responsibility of the office, and humbly feel my own unworthiness. Our Confederacy has grown from six to thirteen States; and Maryland, already united to us by hallowed memories and material interests, will, I believe, when able to speak with unstifled voice, connect her destiny with the South. He consistently spoke of preserving the union and the worthiness of fighting for it. It was, perhaps, in the ordination of Providence that we were to be taught the value of our liberties by the price which we pay for them. we have therefore liberally furnished them with the implements of husbandry & houshold use; we have placed among them instructors in the arts of first necessity; and they are covered with the Aegis of the law against aggressors from among ourselves. .' I shall need therefore all the indulgence which I have heretofore experienced from my constituents. It is a satisfaction that we have maintained the war by our unaided exertions. In this product, students will analyze excerpts from both Abram Lincoln's First Inaugural Address and Jefferson Davis's Inaugural Address in order to compare their ideas of liberty, equality, union, and government. Absent from the scene were some members of Congress who had left for home after the close of the session the previous day (Augustus Foster to Frederick Foster, 1 July 1805, in Vere Foster, ed., To deliver his inaugural address, Jefferson had prepared a special reading copy that is unlike any other document in his papers (see. In a document that he wrote after he completed the drafting of the address and headed Notes on a Draught for a second inaugural Address (Document, At the outset of his drafting process, he identified those most prominent heads for the address in a spare outline that listed four Genl. Rice University--MS 215 Summarized in The Papers of Jefferson Davis, Volume 8, p. 55. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. Fellow-citizens, after the struggle of ages had consecrated the right of the Englishman to constitutional representative government, our colonial ancestors were forced to vindicate that birthright by an appeal to arms. Lincoln memorably said that the United States was conceived, or born, in liberty and that 'all men' are created equal. For proof of the sincerity of our purpose to maintain our ancient institutions, we may point to the Constitution of the Confederacy and the laws enacted under it, as well as to the fact that through all the necessities of an unequal struggle there has been no act on our part to impair personal liberty or the freedom of speech, of thought, or of the press. in short, my friends, among them also is seen the action and counteraction of good sense and of bigotry. Fellow-Citizens: On this the birthday of the man most identified with the establishment of American independence, and beneath the monument erected to commemorate his heroic virtues and those of his compatriots, we have assembled to usher into existence the Permanent Government of the Confederate States. in the mean time, let us cherish them with patient affection: let us do them justice and more than justice in all competitions of interest; & we need not doubt that truth, reason, & their own interests will at length prevail, will gather them into the fold of their country, & will compleat that entire union of opinion which gives to a nation the blessing of harmony & the benefit of all its strength. In Jefferson Davis' inaugural address, he made it clear that he intended to separate from the North and give rights to slave owners. The confidence of the most hopeful among us must have been destroyed by the disregard they have recently exhibited for all the time-honored bulwarks of civil and religious liberty. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Therefore we are in arms to renew such sacrifices as our fathers made to the holy cause of constitutional liberty. Through this instrumentality, under the favor of Divine Providence, we hope to perpetuate the principles of our revolutionary fathers. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. A month later, the Civil War started in earnest, and on February 22, 1862 (and Washington's birthday), Davis gave a second inaugural address, after winning an election under the permanent Confederate constitution. When he started is not known, as he did not put dates on any of the surviving draft fragments. 17 terms. Yet for all the effort and thought he invested in making the copy a script for oral delivery, as an oration the address failed. Lincoln's First Inaugural Address Summary & Analysis | What was Lincoln's First Inaugural Address? This speech was intended to promote brotherhood amongst the North and South, and he claimed that most individuals on both sides would have preferred a peaceful outcome. In his address, he did not embrace the North's demands for a reunion of states, which he described as 'neither practicable nor desirable.' With confidence in the wisdom and virtue of those who will share with me the responsibility and aid me in the conduct of public affairs; securely relying on the patriotism and courage of the people, of which the present war has furnished so many examples, I deeply feel the weight of the responsibilities I now, with unaffected diffidence, am about to assume; and, fully realizing the inequality of human power to guide and to sustain, my hope is reverently fixed on Him whose favor is ever vouchsafed to the cause which is just. He believed that the slaves in the Confederacy would eventually be free, and that it was their God-given right to enjoy freedom and equality like all American citizens. The underlying topics of liberty, equality, states' rights and government still have a place in the speeches and debates of the leaders in the United States today. Battles have been fought, sieges have been conducted, and, although the contest is not ended, and the tide for the moment is against us, the final result in our favor is not doubtful. Two of those pieces can be identified and are Documents. This great strife has awakened in the people the highest emotions and qualities of the human soul. Delaware and Maryland, both slave states, did not vote to secede. the want of it will certainly not lessen with increasing years. The period is near at hand when our foes must sink under the immense load of debt which they have incurred, a debt which in their effort to subjugate us has already attained such fearful dimensions as will subject them to burdens which must continue to oppress them for generations to come. Many were incorporated into Smiths copy, and others were added to both copies via editorial marks. Jefferson had begun writing the address weeks earlier. Nothing could be so bad as failure, and any sacrifice would be cheap as the price of success in such a contest. In matters of Religion, I have considered that its free exercise is placed by the constitution independant of the powers of the general government. When the independence of the Confederate States is recognized by the nations of the earth, and we are free to follow our interests and inclinations by cultivating foreign trade, the Southern States will offer to manufacturing nations the most favorable markets which ever invited their commerce. That we are to escape them in future is not to be hoped. ], Second Inaugural Address, [before 4 Mch. When the independence of the Confederate States is recognized by the nations of the earth, and we are free to follow our interests and inclinations by cultivating foreign trade, the Southern States will offer to manufacturing nations the most favorable markets which ever invited their commerce. The tyranny of an unbridled majority, the most odious and least responsible form of despotism, has denied us both the right and the remedy. In this second Inaugural Address, Davis, now President of the Confederate States, speaks from what is now the Capitol of the Confederate States of America, Richmond Virginia. [2] Our people have rallied with unexampled unanimity to the support of the great principles of constitutional government, with firm resolve to perpetuate by arms the right which they could not peacefully secure. Almost all Americans have heard these opening words spoken by President Abraham Lincoln in his famous Gettysburg Address in 1863. Virginia Capitol, Richmond, February 22, 1862. Chapter 14 - #1. Summary In his first Inaugural Address as "Chief Executive" of the Confederate States, Davis justifies secession by asserting the rights of sovereign states to govern themselves, particularly with regards to economics and defense, and argues that the United States Constitution no longer functions as a document for all people as it was intended. In this lesson, we will briefly examine how Jefferson Davis expressed his views on liberty, equality, union, and government in his first inaugural address. On finishing the address, Jefferson kissed the Bible, swore the oath of office administered by Chief Justice John Marshall, and bowed. Seven Southern states had already seceded, or broken away, from the United States and formed the Confederacy. if there be still improprieties which this rule would not restrain, its Supplement must be sought in the Censorship of Public opinion. Seven Southern states. and it is due to the able and faithful auxiliaries, whose patriotism has associated them with me in the executive functions. In the transaction of your foreign affairs, we have endeavored to cultivate the friendship of all nations, & especially of those with which we have the most important relations. I feel like its a lifeline. He made the decision during the drafting process, as shown by Madisons and Gallatins remarks, for in the draft they saw, resistance to change was associated with Native American society (Documents, The expression steady habits is associated with the state of Connecticut. . Leonard Levys 1963 critical interpretation of the president, Seemingly in line with that new ethos of free speech, in. Some of you may have even recited them in grade school. Attempt to take away their liberties legitimate either which this rule would restrain. Spoke of preserving the union received assistance from any quarter valid, therefore! 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