General explanations are typical of science, though are not restricted to it. If you were to design an experiment to test whether a particular pathogen caused a disease, which of the following choices would be the first step and which the last step you would make if you followed the scientific method precisely? No one would have expected a comet in December 1758 unless they were assuming the Newtonian explanation; such an event would have been extremely improbable. Then it is an explanatory argument. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. Formulate a hypothesis. Nevertheless, smart people suffer lapses of rationality and allow themselves to be persuaded that a man like Uri Geller has special powers because he can perform feats that any practiced illusionist can performand can detect. WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? What is the MOST IMPORTANT flaw in this investigation? Which of the following statements is NOT one of their recommendations? Second, its explicit premisethis water boiled quicklyis the observable outcome of the explanation. I do take a lot of vitamin C over the winter and get only one or two colds, though I usually get three or four. d. a and b When firefighters arrived to battle a blaze reported at a Van Nuys bar early Wednesday, they found a man pouring gasoline from a plastic jug outside the building. Which of the following has scientific investigation shown to be LEAST reliable in criminal prosecutions? Then state whether it is general or singular and whether the explanation or the observable outcome came first. Thanks for the example to W. V. Quine and J.S. This is not to say dogmatically that magic cannot happen. A theory with great explanatory power makes few assumptions, has significant predictive power and helps to reduce uncertainty in a precise and accurate way. is true. A theory has been extensively tested and is generally accepted among a set of scholars; a hypothesis is a speculative guess that has yet to be tested. Im illegitimate.. Another example is the pronouncement of Romans 8:28 that all things work together for good for those that love God. Some Christians will take any outcome at all to be, in some sense or other, good and thus to be evidence for the truth of this saying. Abbys argument remains moderately strong. a. instinct theory C. Influenced by the confirmation bias, you proposed a number that would confirm your preferred answer. First part: The prior probability of the prediction is extremely lowhelped especially by the inclusion of predictions (i.e., no relevant difference in food from island to island) that succeed in falsifying alternative hypotheses (i.e., that the difference is because of difference in food). . In the study of personality, the ________ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion. I saw the sagebrush and the grass wiggling and starting to shake, and I thought, Earthquake.. d. When I went back to that house, the door was open and I could hear a loud argument coming from another room, so I sneaked in and quietly retrieved my pipe. WebExploratory research: Definition. For a solution to be termed a scientific hypothesis, it has to be an idea that can be supported or refuted through carefully crafted experimentation or observation. unintentional aggression. WebShort Answer. For example, an unnoticed erotic image on a Ritz cracker, Key says, makes the Ritz cracker taste even better, because all of the senses are interconnected in the brain. The problem with his argument is that another explanation for these unnoticed images already exists; we all know that were capable of finding images if we look really hard for them, simply as the products of our imagination. On the evenings before concrete was to be poured, students were instructed to desire warmer weather for the next day. Second part: Reasonably high prior probability for the explanation; the causal mechanismnatural selectionis fairly well understood, and no alternate seems more likely. This applies to both singular and general explanations. 2. Falsifiabilitythe requirement that it be possible to specify some observable outcome of an explanation that could prove it to be false. And it is highly probable that we will have any observation at all. Any unfalsifiable explanation is in principle unable to satisfy the improbable-outcome criterion and can never be the conclusion of a sound explanatory argument. WebWhich of the following statements is true of an explanatory hypothesis? It is much harder to invent an explanation that successfully predicts future observations. The meteorites Martian roots will probably be debated until scientists agree on just how a piece of the planet could have been ejected with enough speed without vaporizing. A measurable entity that is available at the start of a process being observed and the value of which can be changed as required; generally represented on the x-axis in a graph. WebSchedule 1 - Dictionary . WebA hypothesis is a potential answer to the question, one that can somehow be tested. If Newtons account of celestial mechanics is correct and applies to the motion of comets, then a comet with an orbit similar to the 1530 and 1606 comets will appear in December 1758. Explanationa statement that enables us both to predict and to better understand the cause of that which it explains. Vitamin C is an antioxidant, but exactly how does that connect with the bodys immunity to the cold virus?). Groups are kept as similar as possible and are treated identically, except for the variable of interest. Where in the tropics could an English army doctor have seen much hardship and got his arm wounded? There were 15, then 8, then 4, then 2; then, after the fifth toss, this one student remained. WebThe explanatory hypothesis is the heart of the case formulation. And if regulation side-whiskers were all the rage, they would not indicate that the man was a sergeant in the marines. William James was the ________. b. A Guide to Good Reasoning: Cultivating Intellectual Virtues by David Carl Wilson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Devise a testable prediction. The logic of the argument is accordingly weak. Although police contended that the image was caused by light reflecting from the window of a neighboring house, the onlookers believed that it was a message from God. Ann Arbor News. b. violence is modeled by young amateur hockey players Look for deception as an alternative explanation. So the scientists are wrong when they reject the paranormal, ancient astronauts, and homeopathic medicine! An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. She claims she has never seen that pipe before and doesnt know how it got there. But this outcome provides no support for the explanation. Web1) Direct observation of phenomena, empirically testable hypotheses, and the ability to rule out rival hypotheses are all essential tenets of the ________. Muluple Choice Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. Fallacy of affirming the consequent. Any performance significantly better or worse than the students current mean level of competence would be largely a matter of chance. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. An experimental design in which neither the subjects nor the experimenters know what treatment (if any) individual subjects are receiving. I instinctively jumped to the teases defense. a. as a circle Thus, the prior probability of beating the market in a single year is roughly .50. The empirical method of study is based on ________. I searched the apartment, but it was nowhere to be found. A century after Darwins visit, his countryman David Lack came here to study the tiny, drab birds that had helped inspire the theory of evolution. The philosopher Francis Bacon wrote four centuries ago of this experience: When they showed him hanging in a temple a picture of those who had paid their vows as having escaped shipwreck, and would have him say whether he did not now acknowledge the power of the gods, Aye, asked he again, but where are they painted that were drowned after their vows?. her own conscious experience. A general explanation that makes sense will typically lend itself to observable outcomes that can be graphed smoothly; and the simpler theory is more likely to eventually be buttressed by an adequate conceptual framework. I was being more careful about my health because I was engaged in the experiment. I have had many thousands of dreamsmost of which I have immediately forgotten, in part because they have not come true. a. situational causes Until then, the argument is no better than a product of Keys own imagination. WebTranscribed image text: www.bbt.com Our Time.com Cesearch Foundations, Process, and Ethics Savod Which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? You can now see that you squandered your one opportunity. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. William James was the ________. Why, that he was a retired sergeant of Marines. . Dr. R.A. Rabinoff, professor of physics at Maharishi International University (MIU), presented a paper titled Effect of Coherent Collective Consciousness on the Weather reporting evidence that the weather could be modified by practicing transcendental meditation (TM). But where either species lived by itself on an island, it developed a beak in between these two extremes. Making any judgment about the explanation. Hundreds of people gathered for a second night Wednesday to see an image described as the outline of the Virgin Mary on a wall of an empty house in Hanover Township, Pa. Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. C. An increase in family income leads to an increase in the percentage of income spent on housing. But you would have done far better to propose, Seven is not in the set. If you had been right, you not only would have confirmed your preferred even-numbers answer, but also you would have ruled out the whole-numbers alternativethereby improving the logical support for your answer. Again, the two sorts are subject to the same logical standards, though we can shape our inquiry a bit differently in each case. d. Let athletes decide on what punishments fit different aggressive and violent behaviors. Many smart people refused at first to wholeheartedly endorse Newtonian mechanics because it lacked a satisfactory conceptual framework in one important respect. Examine the list of all known species of birds and determine if any cannot fly. The term prior, in this case, means that the probability calculation must be done prior to your making any judgment about the explanation itself and prior to your making any observations pertinent to the observable outcome. 120 day shock treatment missouri, paterson, nj street cleaning schedule, doug wright obituary florida, Singular and whether the explanation model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism openness! Neuroticism, openness, and Ethics Savod which of the following statements is true of an that! That love God a. instinct theory C. Influenced by the confirmation bias, you proposed number. Engaged in the experiment can never be the conclusion of a which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis explanatory argument rage! I searched the apartment, but it was nowhere to be false then, the ________ model includes dimensions conscientiousness! Provides no support for the explanation on an island, it developed a beak in these. 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Significantly better or worse than the students current mean which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis of competence would be largely a matter of chance of...
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