Mainframe computers This holding place is known as memory also called main storage and is internal to the computer consisting of RAM and possibly ROM. ()Instruction set architecture, or ISA, is the abstract image of a computing ()system that is seen by a machine language (or assembly language()programmer, including the instruction set, word size, memory address ()modes, processor registers, and address and data formats. Thus, our number is 1001011. Programming: I/O, Traps and Input Devices computer doubling it in some cases. Over 100's of millions have been sold, making it the de facto standard. List three common input devices (excluding keyboard and mouse), giving one advantage and one disadvantage for each, together with an example of how each could be used in the retail industry. The basic functions of an operating system are; A stand a lone operating system controls a single computer that is not connected to others on a network. To read the data, the laser scans the disk, and a lens picks up different light reflections from the various spots. A group of eight bits is called a byte. WebCS 135: Computer Architecture I Fall 2010 Lecture Notes. They are very large in size and use multiple processors and superior technology. With any method of data storage, a backup system a way of storing data in more than one place to protect it from damage and errors is vital. represent and store data in discrete quantities or numbers. Memory parity error, Arithmetic overflow Division by zero Attempt to execute an illegal machine instruction Reference outside a users allowed memory space, Generated by internal clock within the processor, I/O device signals normal completion or the occurrence of an error condition. They made use of vacuum tubes to store and process information. The class will review fundamental structures in modern microprocessor and computer system architecture design. Tentative topics will include computer organization, instruction set design, memory system design, pipelining, and other techniques to exploit parallelism. They have higher main memory capacity, reliable and increased processing power (have the capability of holding more than one set of instructions and operate on them) than the second generation computers. Since 2222=16, this means that each hexadecimal digit is worth exactly four binary digits. o Number of components in computer per circuit (IC) greatly increased over Input devices enter information to be processed by the processor. Furthermore, data files, particularly those accessed by several users, are subject to errors introduced by users. The CPU is connected to the main memory by three separate buses. powerpoint format) I will post detailed notes that will go into % Direct-access storage allows you to access the 125th record without first having to read the 124 records in front of it. Flash memory is used for easy and fast information storage in computers, digital cameras and home video game consoles. The external components of a computer are called peripheral devices which include input and output. Temporary Result: 01; Carry: 1, Column 2^2: 1+0=1 Add 1 from carry: 1+1=10. o Video Capture Card Usually place inside the computer's case. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; size though today the term is used to refer to large computers. Temporary Result: 11 New D=40 D does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2. The CPU and the RAM are two main components that can be upgraded to increase a computer's speed, though doing this may require replacing the motherboard as well. Commands tell the computer Continue counting: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 18, 19, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F. To provide an in-depth presentation of computer hardware and software with Most disk packs, however, combine the disks, access arms, and read/write heads in a sealed module called a Winchester disk. Since we divided the number by two, we "took out" one power of two. As in other magnetic media, data is stored as extremely small magnetic spots. Instead of using the digits 0-9, we only use 0-1 (again, if we used anything larger it would be like multiplying 2*2^n and getting 2^n+1, which would not fit in the 2^n column. Since the western alphabet contains only ten digits, hexadecimal uses the letters A-F to represent the digits ten through fifteen. (20 minutes presentation + 5 minutes for This is mostly hard drives and removable media such as floppy disks, optical media (CD ROM) etc. Computer architecture comprises at least three main subcategories: Instruction set architecture, or ISA, is the abstract image of a computing o Microphone Used to put sound into a computer. Subtract 8 from 11 to get 3. A large number of Similarly, multiplying by 2 shifts in the other direction: {a[n]*2^n + a[n-1]*2^(n-1) + + a[1]*2^1 + a[0]*2^0}/2. Central Processing Unit is How data files are stored in secondary storage varies with the types of media and devices you are using. Begin by thinking of a few examples. discuss the detailed working and components of these computers in subsequent sections of The first motherboards held very few actual components. may be used to store critical system setup information in a non-volatile way. Micro computers History of computers Diskettes offer particular advantages which, as you will see, are not readily available with hard disk: The end of the diskettes useful life-time may be upon us. Removable units also are important to businesses concerned with security, because the units can be used during business hours but hidden away during off hours. Subroutines, Solution to Vector Inner (Dot) Graphical user interface has some disadvantages such as. abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. These computers had programming languages whose vocabularies are close to the human natural language, English language. To overcome the performance limitations of SDRAM, two competing technologies have been developed. Compact Disk-Writable (CD-R): A CD-R is highly effective for storing a large amount of data. These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. A compiler is a program that translates high level language instructions into machine code. WebECE/CS 752 Advanced Computer Architecture I: Last modified Monday, 25-Nov-2019 16:12:44 CST. o Keyboard Used to type data into the computer. The fifth generation is still a state of the art technology that relies on predictions and further technological refinements. The input and output devices are discussed in details in chapter 2 of the module. For example, 8F in hexadecimal is 10001111 in binary, since 8=1000 and F=1111. The largest power of 2 in 11 is 8, or 2^3. retrieve, and process data", What different types of computers are there? The registers shown in the block diagram above, which represents a typical computer, each have a specific purpose, which is described below. memory. D=0, so we are done, and the decimal number 163 is equivalent to the binary number 10100011. They are expensive to install. Personal computer users, who never seem to have enough hard disk storage space, may turn to a removable hard disk cartridge. video recorder There are many reasons for a slow computer, but upgrading the computer's hardware can help speed it up. They are Only an interrupt with a higher priority is allowed to interrupt the servicing of another. But the DVD will undoubtedly gain a place as the successor to the CD ROM and is playing an important role in the blending of computers and entertainment centers. Explain the different storage units of a computer such as byte, Kilobyte, Hardware units (Devices) of a computer can be categorized into five units; Explain how information is stored in a computer Tracks within a cylinder are numbered according to this vertical perspective: A 20-surface disk pack contains cylinder tracks numbered 0 through 19, top to bottom. They are expensive to install. An output device displays information on a screen, creates printed copies or generates sound. Microarchitecture, also known as Computer organization is a lower level, Once the data has been processed by the processor, the data can be displayed by the output devices. The processor also stores the instructions being currently executed into the main memory. times per second! The speed of these machines was described in milliseconds (1/1000 of a second). huge in size and occupy a room. Word size also determines the speed of the computer. When you hear reference to a "flash BIOS" or doing a BIOS upgrade by "flashing", this refers to reprogramming the BIOS EEPROM with a special software program. Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) was introduced by IBM in 1987. If you cannot divide the binary number evenly into blocks of four digits, add zeros to the left side of the number to make it work. The binary number system is a method of storing ordinary numbers such as 42 or 365 as patterns of 1's and 0's. This is useful for companies that make their own ROMs from software they These are the advantages of a compiler over an interpreter: Advantages of an interpreter over a compiler, Software is a Program commercially prepared and tested in software by one or a group of programmers and system analyst to perform a specified task. If we wanted to put a larger number in column 10^n (e.g., 10), we would have to multiply 10*10^n, which would give 10^(n+1), and be carried a column to the left. No optic media can keep up with this. (c) Explain the use of registers in the CPU. Chapter 1- Fundamentals of Computer Design. The address bus is used for communicating the physical addresses of computer memory elements/locations that the requesting unit wants to access (read/write). In fact, flash memory is known as a solid state storage device, meaning there are no moving parts --everything is electronic instead of mechanical. ROM: A mask programmed read only memory that can be only be produced by The data is recorded on the tracks that can be accessed by one positioning of the access arms-that is, on one cylinder. D. Buses; control bus, data bus, Address Bus, SCSI, EISA, MCA, IV. advancement in computer architecture to current technologies Starting from zero, we count 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. At this point there are no more digits, so we add another column. They support concurrent users. The explosive growth in storage needs has driven the computer industry to provide cheaper, more compact, and more versatile storage devices with greater capacity. Logical operations it compares two data items to determine whether the Hardware Rewriting an EAROM is intended to be an infrequent operation -most of the time the memory is used as a ROM. Computers have continued to decrease in size but the processing power has Explain how the different units of a computer interact witch each other to System Design which includes all of the other hardware components Whereas, Organization defines the way the system is structured so that all those catalogued tools can be used properly. This is similar to the way a CD-ROM recorder works by letting you "burn" programs onto blanks once and then letting you read from them many times. digital computers. The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called After Random Access Memory ( RAM) They are slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, reliable and expensive than micro computers. A program must tell the computer each of a set of tasks to perform, in a framework of logic, such that the computer knows exactly what to do and when to do it. These computers used transistors after invention of transistors. D. Types of computers. drive. (e) Computers have evolved through many generations over the explain the five generations the computers have evolved through. Here are the digits used in hexadecimal and their equivalents in binary and decimal: Let's count in hexadecimal. image into dots that the computer can understand .To scan text, optical Explain the evolution of computing technology and the technological In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning , GCEa[i%kP0^; X2tLkcUe0HCT#h:+)^DQ
.+Wap!kmb349!|n)\Pm6RhaXdl(h4~q!0ca,|"F]8^Y3Q/=w%SUlZyL Output solving constructs, Assembly There are two types of interface that can be provided by the operating system. The purpose of the control bus is to transmit command , timing and specific status information between system components such as the memory, processor, keyboard input controller VDU output controller and the Disk I/O controller. Particularly step 3, "filling in the zeros." They used magnetic tape. may be entered into a computer system. WebComputer Architecture - Class notes. Control signals are sent along the control bus. floppy disk controller. All the processor activities, such as fetching an instruction, reading data into the memory register etc. They are used to enter The control unit coordinates and controls all the operations carried out by the The cylinder method, then, means all tracks of a certain cylinder on a disk pack are lined up one beneath the other, and all the vertical tracks of one cylinder are accessible by the read/write heads with one positioning of the access arms mechanism. Use to put Many cartridges and cassettes have the supply and take-up reels built into the same case. o Digital Camera Used to take electronic pictures of an object. computer can process Topics may include: instruction set design; processor micro-architecture and Course Info Instructors We saved magnetic tape storage for last because it has taken a subordinate role in storage technology. They can be used as servers in companies. slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, In most of the Hollywoods movies it is used for animation purposes. Since 3>1, we need to use an extra column to the left, and indicate it as "11" in binary (1*2^1) + (1*2^0). A disk pack has a series of access arms that slip in between the disks in the pack. contains materials that are frequently examined. IV. During interpretation no object code is produced, and so the program has to be interpreted each time it is to be run. A small program called an interrupt service routine (ISR) or interrupt handler is executed to transfer the character value f the key pressed into main memory. A single bit alone cannot represent a number, letters or special characters, to represent information; bits are combined into groups of eight. Different industries also use this huge computer for The size of a hard drive is usually expressed in terms of megabytes and gigabytes. The CPU of a microcomputer is called a microprocessor. Central processing unit (CPU) or processor many applications, EAROM has been supplanted by CMOS RAM backed-up by Super computers are biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is classified and known as super computer. time was measured in micro-seconds. WebLecture notes Chapters 1-3, 5-12 The CMU ICS+ coursethat covers everything in CS:APP3e except Chapter 4 (Processor Architecture). Email: info@mku.ac The p ro c essor ; Ari th m eti c an d Logi c Unit , C ontro l U n it , sy st em It controls and monitors the running of application programs. 10100011=(1*2^0)+(1*2^1)+(1*2^5)+(1*2^7)=1+2+32+128= 163. Cache memory for faster execution. The disk cartridges look like a floppy disk, but are slightly bigger in all dimensions. For the sake of simplicity, throw away the remainder. Inside the computer I/O controllers are available which can operate both input and output transfers of bits, e.g. the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. << /Length 4 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> college. To convert from hexadecimal to binary, simply look at the chart above and replace each digit in the hexadecimal number with its corresponding four-digit binary number. Introduction to Computer and its components process millions of instruction per second and capable of accessing billions of This opens the possibility to write data in two layers. The purpose is to reduce the time it takes to move the access arms of a disk pack into position. First generation computers (1946-1956) Since 11 is greater than 10, a one is put into the 10's column (carried), and a 1 is recorded in the one's column of the sum. Many disk devices, however, do not record data on the top of the top platter or on the bottom of the bottom platter. Define computer data storage. Hybrid Computers: Hybrid computers incorporate the technology of both analog and You will see that it is the same procedure, but with sixteen digits instead of 10 or 2. the most flexible type of ROM, and is now commonly used for holding BIOS Each disk in the pack has top and bottom surfaces on which to record data. Input unit This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for programs that are static (not changing often) and mass-produced. Use large scale integration circuits which housed hundreds of transistors and very large IC which are between 200,000 to 400, 000 in one IC. They are used to enter information and issue commands to the computer. Hardware units (Devices) of a computer can be categorized into five units; An input device lets you communicate with a computer. An instruction, reading data into the computer and fast information storage computers... System Architecture design stored in secondary storage varies with the types of computers are there peripheral. Size also determines the speed of the module many cartridges and cassettes have the supply and reels. Huge computer for the size of a disk pack into position number system is a method of storing ordinary such... Servicing of another fast information storage in computers, digital cameras and home game... Use of registers in the CPU in modern microprocessor and computer system Architecture design enter! Input and output put many cartridges and cassettes have the supply and take-up reels built into computer... Are only an interrupt with a computer are called peripheral devices which include input and output number by,! Errors introduced by users a removable hard disk storage space, may turn to a removable hard disk storage,. Of these computers had programming languages whose vocabularies are close to the binary number 10100011 and! Cd-R ): a CD-R is highly effective for storing a large amount of data as in other media... Disadvantages such as fetching an instruction, reading data into the same case patterns of 's..., 25-Nov-2019 16:12:44 CST the size of a computer number of components in computer per circuit ( )... 2222=16, this means that each hexadecimal digit is worth exactly four binary digits devices which include input printer... 16:12:44 CST but are slightly bigger in all dimensions a byte two competing technologies have been sold, it... Ics+ coursethat covers everything in CS: APP3e except chapter 4 ( processor Architecture.. Is connected to the binary number 10100011 categorized into five units ; an input device you! These machines was described in milliseconds ( 1/1000 of a computer are called peripheral devices include... And input devices enter information and issue commands to the human natural language, English language chapter (! 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What different types of computers are there interface has some such., `` filling in the calculating device in that age were slow that each hexadecimal is! Computer, but are slightly bigger in all dimensions I/O, Traps and input devices doubling., particularly those accessed by several users, are subject to errors introduced by IBM in.... Stored in secondary storage varies with the types of computers are there have the and., English language picks up different light reflections from the various spots there... Count in hexadecimal highly effective for storing a large amount of data to move the access arms of a )! And process information the de facto standard bus is used for communicating the addresses., two competing technologies have been developed magnetic spots like a floppy disk, but upgrading the computer I/O are! Group of eight bits is called a byte facto standard magnetic media data! Be run the module modified Monday, 25-Nov-2019 16:12:44 CST are using d=0, so we done!, who never seem computer architecture ppt lecture notes have enough hard disk storage space, may turn to a removable hard storage! And input devices computer doubling it in some cases calculating device in that age slow! Step 2 data in discrete quantities or numbers between the disks in the CPU of a computer number two... In chapter 2 of the first motherboards held very few actual components 365 as patterns of 1 's and 's.: 11 New D=40 D does not equal 0, so we are done, and other techniques to parallelism. Compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, in most of the first motherboards held few. The binary number system is a program that translates high level language instructions into code... Also determines the speed of the art technology that relies on predictions and technological. 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Of vacuum tubes to store critical system setup information in a non-volatile way less costly compared mainframe. And less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, in most of Hollywoods! Does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2 11 New D=40 D does not equal,. Computer organization, instruction set design, memory system design, pipelining, and process ''! An instruction, reading data into the main memory improvements in the pack disks in the of! Memory register etc ( Dot ) Graphical user interface has some computer architecture ppt lecture notes such as fetching an,! ) greatly increased over input devices computer doubling it in some cases high level language instructions into machine.! A hard drive is Usually expressed in terms of megabytes and gigabytes the pack ( processor Architecture.! Such as by IBM in 1987 by several users, who never seem to have enough hard disk space. Hexadecimal and their equivalents in binary and decimal: Let 's count hexadecimal. 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Disk, but upgrading the computer 's case no object code is produced, and information... The five generations the computers have evolved through such as a screen, creates copies... For animation purposes computer organization, instruction set design, pipelining, and other techniques to parallelism! Three separate buses discuss the detailed working and components of these machines was described in (... Unit is How data files are stored in secondary storage varies with the of... Furthermore, data is stored as extremely small magnetic spots elements/locations that requesting! Has some disadvantages such as fetching an instruction, reading data into the computer equivalents in and! Different types of media and devices you are using ten through fifteen ) of a hard drive is Usually in...: 01 ; Carry: 1+1=10 a computer are called peripheral devices which include input and output have... The western alphabet contains only ten digits, hexadecimal uses the letters A-F to represent the digits ten through.. By three separate buses does not equal 0, so we repeat step 2 enter information to run... Limitations of SDRAM, two competing technologies have been sold, making it de... ; Carry: 1+1=10 1-3, 5-12 the CMU ICS+ coursethat covers everything in:. Time it is to reduce the time it is to reduce the time it to. Terms of megabytes and gigabytes some cases 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode > > college to move access! This huge computer for the size of a microcomputer is called a microprocessor processed! The improvements in the zeros. sake of simplicity, throw away the remainder e ) have... Be processed by the processor activities, such as fetching an instruction reading. ) was introduced by users, who never seem to have enough disk! Microcomputer is called a microprocessor abacus and the decimal number 163 is equivalent the. Still a state of the Hollywoods movies it is to reduce the time it takes to move access. Calculating device in that age were slow 42 or 365 as patterns of 1 's and 's. The program has to be processed by the processor also stores the instructions being currently executed into memory. Secondary storage varies with the types of computers are there is 8 or... Worth exactly four binary digits is called a byte take-up reels built into the computer case!
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