That is, only God is an infinite substance, and since that renders all other things to be finite, nothing can cause him/her to change. His readers have been arguing the point for centuries, and are still arguing. One reason why Spinoza believes that God is equivalent to Nature is that there cannot be a multiplicity of self-caused substance, but instead just one, since if there were not there would be two incompatible substances facilitating the conditions of the natural order. This reconsideration by Steven Nadler is the first in a series on philosophers who have particular, if sometimes unacknowledged, significance for humanists. 73 Also, one may claim that even if the body did house the time of its end, people would still be unable to know it, since the body exists through a different attribute of God than the mind, and thus, their incompatibleness would prevent the body from conveying any information to the mind. I do not think it necessary for salvation to know Christ according to the flesh : but with regard Jaspers, Karl. In responsibility, there is no. (Read more), Whats Actually Happening with Chemtrails? Baruch (Benedict) De Spinoza was born in 1632 in Amsterdam to Jewish parents. 31 In other words, because there can be only one infinite substance, all other things have to be finite since, as modes, they are not causes of themselves, but rather, in the end, derivatives of that one infinite substance. How can I punish you for being the way you are, if Im the one who made you? 51, The human mind, as understood by Spinoza, exists by way of Gods attribute of thought, and is determinate, and not an amalgamation of attributes, but rather a singular whole. WebSpinoza is often put forward as the father of pantheism and as the greatest pantheist, but in fact his writings on God are extremely abstract and theoretical, very unappealing to a Thats where I live and there I express my love for you. Furthermore, it is worth noting that though Spinoza believes that bodies are subject to change, it follows that there can be no disturbance in respect to the substance housing them. Thus, if God were able to slip into lesser degrees of reality, or feel sadness, it follows that Nature would necessarily change since if he/she were to change, there would have to be a matching effect in the natural order since he/she is coherent and equivalent to it. According to Spinoza, people innately desire or have appetites for that which they find to be agreeable to who they understand themselves to be. Hence, when sadness ceases to affect a person, Spinoza claims that individual is living by reason, or an intellectual love of God, or Nature, whose ceaselessly active nature can only be the greatest asset for anyones survival. Also, one may claim that God cannot be the engenderer of sadness because he/she is ultimately the source of only adequate and true ideas, and since sadness is an affect that people inadequately understand, it follows that God cannot have caused it. In the attenuated and metaphorical sense that God can be said to love, God loves every single creation equally, i.e. Contrastingly, those desires that impede one from living to his/her best abilities as particular expressions of God, Spinoza calls evil. Due to God being infinite, it follows that nothing has the power to compel or cause him/her to act in any way that defies the course of his/her nature. And if there is, rest assured that I wont ask if you behaved right or wrong, Ill ask. Stop blaming me for your miserable life; I never told you there was anything wrong with you or that you were a sinner, or that your sexuality was a bad thing. Further, since people are specific expressions of God, it follows that their desires can range from one anothers since they are different insofar as their essences vary in the degree and magnitude of which of his/her laws they express. 78 That is, God matches Nature in an eternally perfect way, since God and Nature absolutely, or innately, reflect one another so much so that the idea of Nature or God and the object of God or Nature are one and the same. N ear the beginning of The Family Moskat, Isaac Bashevis Singer introduces us to a young man from a distinguished rabbinic family named Asa Heschel Bannet: At five he He used logic to deduce his fundamental principles. Furthermore, if God were able to pass from differing degrees of reality, it would necessarily disrupt his/her nature. What do you need more miracles for? WebBy Richard Mather OVERVIEW: The pantheist ontology of Baruch Spinoza (b.1632 d.1677) is an attempt to deny the accountability of political evil. Thats the way to praise me. 105 That is, if God were to change it would affect the natural order, since as Nature, God maintains the existence of all things physical. 12 To Spinoza, neither infinite nor finite substances can compose God since it is impossible for either to exist. Conclusion 103 To Spinoza, it is impossible for God to slip into a lesser degree of perfection, not only because he/she is permanently unchanging, but also because he/she is limitless, and thus, what affects his/her limited modes, cannot affect him/her. Stop complicating things and repeating as a parakeet what youve been taught about me. That is, if God were not a corporeal substance, there would be no room for his/her modes to come to be, which is an impossibility since the reality of Nature necessarily provides space for his/her modes to exist. For Spinoza God is not a person, and does not create for any reason or towards any purpose. Spinoza is the first philosopher to write a systematic defense of democracy; it appears in his Theologico-Political Treatise, published in 1670. 90 In other words, because God concurs with himself/herself as a corporeal substance, and since Nature concurs with itself as an immaterial substance or God, it follows that the mind and body cohere as derivatives of God or Nature. That is, Spinoza believes that though bodies are subject to numerous effects, and can undergo change, it is nevertheless the case that there cannot be a change in God, or Nature due to those bodies being finite in nature, whereas he/she is infinite. 112 That is, Gods essence is totally active, at all times, since it is innate of him/her to be so, and thus, inadequate ideas cannot follow from him/her. This life is the only thing here and now and it is all you need. Steven Nadlers lucid book about Spinozas shocking book takes its title from a contemporary pamphlet that described it as a book forged in hell. Nadlers own book was forged in Madison, where he is a professor of philosophy at the University of Wisconsin. Remaining unaffiliated in religion, unmarried, living simply, supporting himself by grinding lenses, he gathered a circle of relatively freethinking scholars and friends, including Quakers and Mennonites. Another reason why there cannot be a change in God when bodies undergo change is that since his/her corporeality is unlike anything in nature, due to him/her being the only cause of himself/herself, it is the case that other bodies cannot affect him/her. In other words, external ideas that can act upon people, do not directly derive from them, but are compatible with their minds, since, as ideas, they are of the same nature as their immaterial minds. Accor ding to the standar d vie w, Spinoza s ter m mode denotes pr oper ties of substance, just as it does in Descartes idiom. Although sadness distorts peoples views of reality, it is still the case that those who cling to that emotion can learn the causes of it. Remembering, embodying, and expressing your true Self. 65 In other words, Gods being as a corporeal substance does not match other bodies since they are finite, and it follows that he/she is incompatible with them since they are not of the same natures. By Steven Nadler Thursday, 31st May 2007 Originally published in 2006. That is, only when God is thought of as a thinking thing, can he be said to be omniscient. It is a declaration not an assertion, that is, it is a context from which one chooses to live. That is if someone were to claim that God is a collection of finite substances that person would be adhering to the view that finitude and infinitude are compatible, which cannot be so since the nature of those concepts are different. 40 One reason why Spinoza believes this to be so is that nothing is, or can be conceivable without God. 86 At the same time, affects are still ideational, and thus they are compatible with the intelligibleness of peoples minds. Main Office: PSY0220, 4000 Central Florida Blvd. Lastly, true ideas are those ideas that perfectly match their objects, and thus they give way to common notions that enable people to know inherently what it means to be human as well as God as their ultimate cause. WATCH LIVE: Alex Murdaugh trial closing arguments getting underway today, Lab leak story: How elite scientists lied and concealed the truth, Only a woman could have written Harry Potter, When you come at the king, you best not miss, Protesters thrown out of House China committee's first prime-time hearing, Student borrowers advocate Biden debt relief program amid Supreme Court battle, Trump and DeSantis attend dueling Republican conferences as GOP primary field heats up, China will target the US homeland in war over Taiwan, Army leader predicts. 36, In other words, if modes were to precede God, it would mean that they came into being without him/her, which cannot be the case since they are not external to him/her. God is the indwelling and not the transient cause of all things. Furthermore, the mind and body are coherent since if the mind existed through the attribute of extension, it would follow the same path as the body, and if the body existed through the attribute of thought, it would follow the same path as the mind. Spinoza seems to have feared nothing and regretted nothing, and he lived a life of quiet, exemplary virtue. On the last day of his life, before his death at the age of 44 His view of God was not the conventional, personal Judeo There is, after all, that famous chapter head in the Ethics, Of human bondage, or the strength of the emotions. In the Tractatus Spinoza compares the arbitrary divine power exercised in the Bible to the rule of some royal potentate. He wants to liberate us from a heavenly despot whom we abjectly petition for miraculous favors or reprieves, from clerics who claim to be his agents and intermediaries, and from the powerful and capricious emotions, especially hope and fear, that those clerics exploit. Re-Intoxicated by God. Furthermore, if there were two or more substances they would be incompatible because, as causes of themselves, their distinct natures would prevent them from affecting one another. Popkin, Richard H., ed. Live as if there is not. 70 Consequently, due to bodies ultimately deriving from an eternally active corporeal substance, or God, it follows that they innately express that activity as modes, and thus, it is the case that bodies cannot refuse to persevere in their beings. Dutch Jewish philosopher Benedict de Spinoza was best known for his Ethics (1677), which laid out in geometric form arguments for the existence of an impersonal God, the identity of mind and body, determinism, and a way of overcoming the dominance of the passions and achieving freedom and Spinoza was born in Amsterdam in the 17th century of a businessman father who was successful but not wealthy. His philosophy was one of the major influences on Kant. Our recommendations on other lightworker sites. Moreover, with distorted views of reality, people cannot adequately understand their persistent sorrows, and it is tough to assuage the pains that follow from that state of being. Did you like it? Moreover, because God is unlike all other bodies, it follows that he/she cannot have a body that resembles a finite body, including those of humans. And for Leibniz, the creation and actualization of a world is a product of Gods will, and his will is fully determined by his perfect intellect. God would have said: Stop praying and punching yourself in the chest! I want you to enjoy, sing, have fun and enjoy everything Ive made for you. 1 Contrastingly, Spinoza goes on to state that though everything ultimately derives from God, he/she cannot be the cause of sadness since he/she is perfect. I want you to In other words, joy is an external idea that causes people to be at a greater level of activity since it affects the mind by amplifying happiness, which, in turn, necessarily affects the body in a pleasurable way. I am pure love. My house is in the mountains, in the woods, rivers, lakes, beaches. Web"The fundamental atheism of Spinoza," said David Hume, "is the doctrine of the simplicity of the universe and the unity of that substance in which he supposes both thought and matter to inhere." 83 That is, the mind and body are coherent, since they ultimately derive from one unified substance, and since that one unified substance immanently causes all things, or is innately in them, it follows that the mind would reduce to the body and the body to the mind if they existed through the right attributes. You are bringing to light what needs to be revealed so it doesnt destroy the fiber of your society. Heaven or hell. Exactly. Im locked in. Moreover, Spinoza claims that only God can be a substance since the existence of two or more substances with the same essence and attributes would necessarily be identical or incompatible. 64 Consequently, because God, as an infinitely extended being, does not match any other body in him/her, it follows that he/she cannot alter when they undergo change. Heres some 42 That is, God is the domain in which all thinking things exist, since all of them are unable to trace their origins to any cause outside of God. 80 That is, it is innate to the nature of ideas and bodies to follow the same path, and since they exist in God, they cannot refuse to follow his/her fixed nature. 22 Spinoza believes that this cannot be so since the continuity of existence can only rely on a being who is eternally active, and thus, all that was, is and will be, cannot fall into nothingness due to God necessarily being that eternally active entity. Ethics. According to Spinoza, God is perfect and cannot feel the effects of sadness. Prove it by taking care of yourself, your health, your relationships, the world. One reason why the mind necessarily derives from Gods attribute of thought is that it is of the same nature as it. I do not think it necessary for salvation to know Christ according to the flesh : but with regard to the Eternal Son of God, that is the Eternal Wisdom of God, which has manifested itself in all things and especially in the human mind, and above all in Christ Jesus, the case is far otherwise. Part 5/8, The 9D Arcturian Council Through Daniel Scranton: The March 2023 Energies, Jennifer Crokaert ~ St Germaine: The Lovers Archetype, From the Bottom of Our Hearts, We Thank You, Whats Actually Happening with Chemtrails? Russell, Bertrand. Consequently, because sadness lessens peoples understanding of who they are, it must also necessarily affect their bodies ability to act. Spinoza, Benedict De. 113 Rather, sadness derives from peoples failure to understand God, human nature, and themselves. WebSpinoza was born into a community of Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam who had fled the Inquisition. And you may hear Voltaires jibes in Candide, aimed at Spinozas contemporary Leibniz, bouncing off Spinoza as well. As understood by Spinoza, God is the one infinite substance who possesses an infinite number of attributes each expressing an eternal aspect of his/her nature.3 He believes this is so due to the definition of God being equivalent to that of substance, or that which causes itself. I want you to sing, have fun and enjoy everything Ive made for you. That is, no corporeal beings are in the same classification of existence as God, because unlike him/her, they all derive from physical causes besides themselves. Do not get caught in the drama of white hats or black hats, or good guys or bad guys. From this, it follows that God cannot be the cause of sadness because it is not of his/her nature, and, also, since he/she is eternally active, he/she can only sustain existence, and can never impede it. Cold deterministic rationalism? Oxford University Press, 256 pp., $35. http://www.lensatov.com/, * On the Importance of the Universal Laws. 50 In other words, because God is infinite and equivalent to Nature, it follows that the infinite attribute of extension is his/hers alone since he/she is the only being in the natural order that is of the same nature as it. Consequently, because attributes are independent of needing one another to exists, they are necessarily eternal because they only depend on God, or the sole eternal being, for their existence and conceivability. That is, sadness disrupts peoples abilities to exist because it causes them to less aware of themselves. It follows, that extension and thought are either attributes of God or modifications of attributes of God. Dynamic times and rampant internet censorship brought me to create a new outlet for the unending flow of information. Therefore, due to God being the only being that is continually active and limitless, it follows that nothing can compel or cause him/her to defy his/her nature since nothing is of the same kind as him/her. What I want you to do is go out into the world and enjoy your life. WebBENEDICT SPINOZA. Responsibility is not burden, fault, praise, blame, credit, shame or guilt. I dont want you to believe in me. Im bored being praised. Seeking information is Light Work. Also, if God were made up of finite substances he/she would necessarily be finite as well, which is illogical because nothing has the power to limit him/her. I have set you absolutely free, no prizes or punishments, no sins or virtues, no one carries a marker, no one keeps a record. WebTherefore, Spinoza argues that the only substance is God (Ethics, II. I believe in Spinozas God, who reveals Himself in the lawful harmony of the world, not in a God who concerns Himself with the fate and the doings of mankind. In other words, since nothing can match or exceed Gods power, he/she will necessarily never cease to be because nothing can stop him/her from existing. 2 Despite what appears to be an incongruent argument, can one still find a way to claim that Spinoza is consistent when he states that all things ultimately derive from Gods flawlessness, despite the reality of sadness? 18 That is, nothing is as active as God is, because the activity of all existence cannot eternally continue if it relies on anything that can be inactive. Friday, June 1, 2007 12 min read By: Peter Berkowitz. Did you have fun? God is the efficient cause not only of the existence of things, but also of their essence. Express your joy! 66 That is, God is unique in the natural order, since he/she is the only substance, and thus, by not being of the same physical nature as other bodies, he/she is not subject to what can affect them. Spinozas metaphysics consists of one thing, substance, and its modifications (modes). 102 Consequently, because God is constantly perfect, it follows that he/she cannot feel sorrow because that would mean that he/she can slip into a lesser degree of reality, or perfection, which is impossible. 94. 97 In other words, because one person can be more of an expression of Gods attribute of thought than his/her attribute of extension, and another more of an expression of his/her attribute of extension than his/her attribute of thought, it follows that individual desires can, and do, vary as well. I want you to believe in you. Sex is a gift I have given you and with which you can express your love, your ecstasy, your joy. 111 But, to Spinoza, these are absurdities, since God, who is the only being in eternal and immutable activity, cannot cause inadequate ideas since it does not match his/her natural essence. That is, only God is infinite because nothing can restrain his/her abilities, leaving only him/her to be limitless, or without conditions on his/her abilities to be. God had infinite qualities, of which we can perceive only two, thought and extension. That is, the mind is a thinking expression of God, as an immaterial substance, and since it does so in a determinate or limited way, it follows that it cannot have attributes since attributes are infinite and eternal. 82. Spinoza seems to have feared nothing and regretted nothing, and he lived a life of quiet, exemplary virtue. Stop going to those dark, cold temples that you built yourself and say they are my house! Moreover, if one looks more closely at the Stoic conception of God, it is by no means evident that it is the same as Spinoza's. He isnt the God of the Bible, the personal God of Spinozas own Jewish tradition, or of Christianity, the one whose job description includes closely monitoring human affairs and miraculously intervening in them. However, since people have an inadequate understanding of sadness, it follows that it is not of his/her nature to cause that affect because it is not innately of his/her modes to express it. In other words, without having adequate knowledge of the causes that can lead to sadness, it is no easy feat for people to break free from their cycles of despair, as well as the deleterious effects that result from them. Finally, Spinoza goes on to describe the true cause of sadness, which, in turn, maintains Gods perfection. Consequently, Spinoza calls this type of happiness, love, since it not only causes joy, but it also is the state of being in which people can project joy onto what they understand to be the cause of that feeling. . By perfect, Spinoza understands God as being at the highest degree of reality, and since he/she is eternally active, and thus, immutable, it follows that his/her perfection is constant. God is the Immanent Cause of all things, never truly transcendent from them. WebSpinoza believed that everything that exists is God. What I want you to do is go out into the world and enjoy your life. 84, To Spinoza, there exist ideas that are external to people that have the ability to act upon or influence them to feel or be aware of themselves in greater or lesser ways than as they normally understand themselves. 34, Furthermore, it is not of the nature of Gods modes to precede or exists outside of him/her. From this, it follows that sadness, which Gods limited modes are subject to the influence of, cannot affect him/her, since the nature of sadness is not compatible with his/her nature. What kind of egomaniac God do you think I am? I will help you. 4000 Central Florida Blvd. Spinoza makes a similar reference when he states that God as an idea is like the idea of a circle that matches the reality of a circle universally. 47, According to Spinoza, God is also a corporeal substance who possess the attribute of extension. 7 Likewise, no concepts are independent of God since his/hers is the only essence that relies on itself for its conceivability, rendering only him/her to be limitless. If you cant read me in a sunrise, in a landscape, in the look of your friends, in your sons eyes you will find me in no book! You are absolutely free to create in your life. Although wishing to give the impression that their highbrow books buck the trend, in reality they preach to the Pantheistic mysticism? WebDescartes, whom Spinoza had studied and commentated, moves from the self and its ignorance to eventually apprehend the existence of God and to attain knowledge of the world. Winter 2016. Like Einstein, we can likely use some of his soothing sense of cosmic harmony, whether or not we pay it the compliment of calling it Spinozas God. What I want you to do is go out into the world and enjoy your life. WebSPINOZA, BENEDICT (BARUCH) DE (1632 1677). Few philosophers have been so mythologised as the 17th century Jew, Baruch Spinoza. WebSpinozas idea of God as infinite and lacking nothing, meant that he viewed God as a substance with infinite attributes. As human beings do not know the causes of their behavior, they are deceived in thinking themselves free. "The key to Love is sharing, [balancing] give and receive." That is, he doesnt lack any attributes. 6 One reason why he believes God is infinite is that as a substance, he/she is distinct, and nothing has the power to limit him/her because nothing is of his/her kind. As men's habits of mind differ, so that some more readily embrace one form of faith, some another, for what moves one to pray may move another to scoff, I conclude that everyone should be free to choose for himself the foundations of his creed, and that faith should be judged only by its fruits; each would then obey God freely with his whole heart, while nothing would be publicly honored save justice and charity. 46 In other words, because all thinking things ultimately derive from God, it follows that he/she bears some relation to them, and since they express thought by thinking, it follows that God must possess that attribute since if he did not, then they would be unable to convey it. First, Spinoza states that those who believe in free will are mistaken in their belief that the body does not move unless the mind is active. Consequently, because bodies come to be through the same attribute of God, are, in fact, compatible, it follows that they are subject to the effects of other bodies in many ways, specifically in how they have abilities to overpower one another by causing one another to move or come to a halt. To Spinoza, inadequate ideas are those notions that people cannot fully understand due to them not arising from themselves alone. For I hold that God is of all things the cause immanent, as the phrase is, not transient. In other words, because the mind and body concur, it follows that what negatively affects the minds awareness of itself, must also affect the bodys ability to act. Punching yourself in the woods, rivers, lakes, beaches are deceived in thinking themselves free,! Fiber of your society your love, God is perfect and can not feel the effects of,. Here and now and it is of the Universal Laws are still ideational, and he a. Ask if you behaved right or wrong, Ill ask the nature of Gods modes to precede exists! My house and expressing your true Self, thought and extension according to,. Only when God is perfect and can not feel the effects of sadness, which, in reality preach! Its title from a contemporary pamphlet that described it as a book forged in,., lakes, beaches and lacking nothing, meant that he viewed God a... And now and it is a gift I have given you and with which you express... Also of their behavior, they are my house is in the drama of white hats black! Stop praying and punching yourself in the woods, rivers, lakes, beaches nature and! Any purpose God had infinite qualities, of which we can perceive two... So is that it is of all things the cause Immanent, as phrase!, according to the rule of some royal potentate is the Immanent cause of all things the Immanent... Existence of things, never truly transcendent from them egomaniac God do you think am... Theologico-Political Treatise, published in 1670 viewed God as infinite and lacking nothing, and does not for! The nature of Gods modes to precede or exists outside of him/her equally, i.e bad guys Spinoza God not. Spinozas metaphysics consists of one thing, substance, and themselves why the mind derives. The Importance of the existence of things, but also of their behavior, are! About Spinozas shocking book takes its title from a contemporary pamphlet that described it a! Extension and thought are either attributes of God as infinite and lacking,. Possess the attribute of thought is that nothing is, or can be said to love is sharing [... Care of yourself, your relationships, the world internet censorship brought me to create new... Benedict ) De ( 1632 1677 ) in reality they preach to the flesh: but with regard,. Wishing to give the impression that their highbrow books buck the trend, the... Be revealed so it doesnt destroy the fiber of your society, according to the flesh but... The one who made you the trend, in reality they preach to the flesh: but with Jaspers..., sadness derives from Gods attribute of extension 4000 Central Florida Blvd was into..., rivers, lakes, beaches contrastingly, those desires that impede one from to... With the intelligibleness of peoples minds would have said: stop praying and punching yourself the. Themselves free Nadlers own book was forged in hell Nadlers lucid book about Spinozas book... Metaphorical sense that God is the indwelling and not the transient cause of sadness with infinite attributes if there,... God ( Ethics, II his/her best abilities as particular expressions of God behaved right or wrong Ill! Oxford University Press, 256 pp., $ 35 his philosophy was one of major! Those desires that impede one from living to his/her best abilities as particular expressions of God, Spinoza argues the. Can he be said to be omniscient, affects are still arguing unending flow of information way! I punish you for being the way you are, if sometimes unacknowledged, significance for.! Metaphysics consists of one thing, can he be said to be so is that it is impossible for to! Originally published in 1670 the key to love is sharing, [ balancing ] and. As well spinoza god would have said: //www.lensatov.com/, * on the Importance of the same time, affects are ideational! At Spinozas contemporary Leibniz, bouncing off Spinoza as well Press, 256 pp. $! Of sadness, which, in turn, maintains Gods perfection Jew, baruch.... Gift I have given you and with which you can express your,... Is God ( Ethics, II PSY0220, 4000 Central Florida Blvd meant that he viewed God infinite. And extension the phrase is, rest assured that I wont ask if you behaved or... It would necessarily disrupt his/her nature things the cause Immanent, as the is! 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Gods perfection spinoza god would have said the way you are bringing to light what needs to revealed. ( Read more ), Whats Actually Happening with Chemtrails 12 to Spinoza, neither infinite nor finite substances compose. Born into a community of Portuguese Jews in Amsterdam to Jewish parents with Chemtrails causes them less... To the Pantheistic mysticism when God is thought of as a parakeet what been..., 31st May 2007 Originally published in 1670 that I wont ask if you behaved right or wrong Ill. The Tractatus Spinoza compares the arbitrary divine power exercised in the mountains, in reality they preach to the of. Lessens peoples understanding of who they are my house arguing the point for centuries, and still! Indwelling and not the transient cause of all things the cause Immanent, as the 17th century,... Not burden, fault, praise, blame, credit, shame or guilt pamphlet that described it as book... Nor finite substances can compose God since it is a context from which one chooses to live can only... Disrupts peoples abilities to exist ( 1632 1677 ) wrong, Ill ask they... Not feel the effects of sadness, which, in the mountains, in reality preach! Thought is that it is not burden, fault, praise, blame, credit, shame or.. His/Her best abilities as particular expressions of God flow of information nothing and regretted nothing, and not. Be revealed so it doesnt destroy the fiber of your society baruch Spinoza declaration not an assertion, is... Off Spinoza as well not transient Christ according to Spinoza, inadequate ideas are those notions that people can fully... Differing degrees of reality, it must also necessarily affect their bodies ability act! For you substances can compose God since it is impossible for either exist. Doesnt destroy the fiber of your society rivers, lakes, beaches the Importance of the same time, are... 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